Los consejos de planeación en Colombia. Referentes teóricos para su estudio - Núm. 1-2015, Enero 2015 - Inciso. Revista de Investigaciones en Derecho y Ciencias Políticas - Libros y Revistas - VLEX 677524453

Los consejos de planeación en Colombia. Referentes teóricos para su estudio

AutorLina María López-Jiménez
Páginas19-32
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
19
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
Lina-M López-Jiménez
Μαγστερ εν ∆ερεχηο Εχον⌠µιχο δε λα Υνιϖερσιδαδ Εξτερναδο δε Χολοµβια, Εσπεχιαλιστα εν Λεγισλαχι⌠ν Φινανχιερα δε λα Υνιϖερσιδαδ δε λοσ Ανδεσ ψ
∆οχτορανδα εν ∆ερεχηο δε λα Υνιϖερσιδαδ Εξτερναδο δε Χολοµβια, Αβογαδα δε λα Υνιϖερσιδαδ Λα Γραν Χολοµβια Αρµενια. Χοορδιναδορα δε λα Μαεστρα εν
∆ερεχηο Πβλιχο δε λα µισµα υνιϖερσιδαδ Χορρεο ελεχτρ⌠νιχο: λοπεζϕλιναµαρια≅µιυγχα.εδυ.χο
Ρεχιβιδο: 23/03/2015|Ρεϖισαδο: 07/04/2015|Αχεπταδο: 10/12/2015
Πλαννινγ αδϖιχε ιν χολοµβια.Τηεορετιχαλ φραµεωορκ φορ στυδψ
Inv est igaci ones Or igi na les
Original Research
Los consejos de planeación en colombia. Referentes teóricos para su
estudio1
Resumen Abstract
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fgufg" fqpfg" ug" jcp" " eqpegdkfq" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p" gp"
Eqnqodkc."c" rctvkt"fg" nc"tgxkuk„p" fg"nc" ng{."nc" lwtkurtwfgpekc"{" nc"
fqevtkpc0"C"vtcxfiu" fg" wp"glgtekekq" kpvgtrtgvcvkxq"fg" ncu" fkhgtgpvgu"
hwgpvgu"eqpuwnvcfcu"{"fgpvtq"fg"wp"eqpvgzvq"eqpuvkvwekqpcn"kttcfkcfq"
rqt"nqu" rtkpekrkqu" fg" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc" {" nc" rncpgcek„p"
geqp„okec"{"uqekcn."g" kpÞwgpekcfq"vcodkfip."rqt"gn" eqpegrvq"fg"nc"
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eqoq"kpuvcpekc"fg"rncpgcek„p"{"eqoq"rctvg"kpvgitcpvg"fgn"Ukuvgoc"
Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p="{"uwu"okgodtqu."cniwpqu"eqoq"ugtxkfqtgu"
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rctvkekrcvkxc"nc" xc" rctc" ctoqpk¦ct" ncu" fkhgtgpvgu" rquvwtcu" fgufg"
fqpfg"rwgfgp"ugt"eqpegdkfqu"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p0
Παλαβρασ χλαϖε:"Fgucttqnnq"rctvkekrcvkxq."rctvkekrcek„p" eqowpkvc
tkc"{"rncpkÝecek„p
Vjg"cko" qh" ytkvkpi" vjku" ku" vq" kfgpvkh{" vjg" vjgqtgvkecn" htcogyqtm"
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kpvgtrtgvcvkxg" gzgtekug" qh" vjg" fk悲gtgpv" uqwtegu" eqpuwnvgf" cpf"
ykvjkp" c" eqpuvkvwvkqpcn" eqpvgzv" kttcfkcvgf" d{" vjg" rtkpekrngu" qh"
rwdnke"rctvkekrcvkqp" cpf" geqpqoke" cpf" uqekcn" rncppkpi." cpf" cnuq"
kpÞwgpegf"d{"vjg" eqpegrv"qh" rctvkekrcvqt{"rncppkpi=" Kv"eqpenwfgu"
vjcv"vjg"rncppkpi"eqwpeknu"jcxg"dggp"eqpegkxgf"cu"cp"gzrtguukqp"qh"
ekxke"rctvkekrcvkqp"cu"c"rncppkpi" cpf"cu"c"ogodgt" qh"vjg"Pcvkqpcn"
Rncppkpi"U{uvgo"urnkv=" cpf"kvu" ogodgtu."uqog" cu"rwdnke" ugtxcpvu"
cpf"qvjgt" rwdnke" hwpevkqpu" cu" kpfkxkfwcnu" ykvj" ecttkgtu" qh" rwdnke"
kpvgtguvu"qt" kpvgtguvu" qh" vjg" ugevqtu0" Ukoknctn{." kp" vjg" eqpegrv" qh"
rctvkekrcvqt{"rncppkpi" vtcem" vq" jctoqpk¦g" vjg" fk悲gtgpv" rqukvkqpu"
htqo"yjgtg"vjg{"ecp"dg"eqpegkxgf"rncppkpi"eqwpeknu0"
Κεψ ωορδσ:"Rctvkekrcvqt{"fgxgnqrogpv."eqoowpkv{"rctvkekrcvkqp."
rncppkpi
Gn"rtgugpvg"ctvewnq"gu"rtqfwevq"fg"nc"kpxguvkicek„p"fqevqtcn"swg"cevwcnogpvg"*4237+"cfgncpvc"uw"cwvqtc."{"swg"nngxc"rqt"vvwnq
eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"{"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"gp"nc"fkuewuk„p"fg"nqu"rncpgu"fg"fgucttqnnq0"Wp"guvwfkq"fg"ecuq"fg"Ctogpkc"S0Ñ."eqoq"fqegpvg"kpxguvk
icfqtc"fg"nc"Wpkxgtukfcf"Nc"Itcp"Eqnqodkc"Ugeekqpcn"Ctogpkc0"Ug"fgdg"cfxgtvkt"swg"cniwpcu"fg"ncu"kfgcu"cdqtfcfcu"ceƒ"jcp"ukfq"vqecfcu"rqt"nc"cwvqtc"gp"
cniwpcu"rqpgpekcu."eqoq"rtqfwevq"kiwcnogpvg."fg"nc"okuoc"kpxguvkicek„p0
Χ⌠µο χιταρ: N„rg¦/Lkogpg¦"N0O0"*4237+0"Nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"gp"Eqnqodkc0"Tghgtgpvgu"vg„tkequ"rctc"uw"guvwfkq0"Ινχισο ν°17:
19−32.
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
20
Ιντροδυχχι⌠ν
Gn" Eqpuglq" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p" {" nqu" eqpuglqu"
vgttkvqtkcngu" fg" rncpgcek„p1" hwgtqp" etgcfqu" gp"
Eqnqodkc" rqt" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" Rqnvkec" fg" 3;;30" Nc"
ewcn"eqpucitc."gp" uw"rctvg" fqioƒvkec."swg" Eqnqodkc"
gu" wp" Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg" fgtgejq." fgoqetƒvkeq" {"
rctvkekrcvkxq=" {" gp" uw" rctvg" qtiƒpkec." nc" rncpgcek„p"
geqp„okec"{"uqekcn0"
Nq"cpvgtkqt."pqu" rgtokvg"cÝtoct" swg"nqu" eqpuglqu"fg"
rncpgcek„p" rwgfgp" ugt" oktcfqu" fgufg" fqu" qtknncu2 ο
tghgtgpvgu"fkhgtgpvgu"*gp"rtkpekrkq+
nc"rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc." rtkpekrkq"fgoqetƒvkeq=" {"
fgufg"nc"qtknnc"fg"nc"rncpgcek„p."rtkpekrcn"kpuvtwogpvq"
fgn"Guvcfq" kpvgtxgpvqt0"N q"ewcn." c" nc" xg¦."jc" rqfkfq"
igpgtct"cniwpcu"vgpukqpgu"gpvtg"nqu"fkhgtgpvgu"cevqtgu"
swg"kpvgtxkgpgp"gp"nc"rncpgcek„p"{"oƒu"eqpetgvcogpvg."
gp" gn" fgxgpkt" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p=" gpvtg"
fgoqetcekc" tgrtgugpvcvkxc" {" rctvkekrcvkxc=" gpvtg"
kpvgtgugu" igpgtcngu" {" rctvkewnctgu=" nq" r¿dnkeq" {" nq"
rtkxcfq="nq" vfiepkeq" {" nq" fgoqetƒvkeq0" Rtgekucogpvg."
πορ λα µανερα χοµο σε ηαν χονχεβιδο λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε
rncpgcek„p."nq"ewcn"rwgfg"fgrgpfgt"fg"nc"qtknnc"gp"ncu"
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eqpenwkfq"gp"tgncek„p"eqp"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p."
swg"guvqu"jcp"kpekfkfq"rqeq"gp"nc"vqoc"fg" fgekukqpgu"
r¿dnkecu." {" gurgeÝecogpvg." gp" nqu" rncpgu" fg"
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nqu" ugevqtgu" {" fgueqpgzk„p" fg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nqu"
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htgpvg"c"ncu"rgtuqpcu"swg"nqu"kpvgitcp="swg"ug"rtgugpvc"
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2012.
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vgpukqpgu"{"pq"hcxqtg¦ec"nc"eqpugewek„p"fg"uwu"ÝpguA."
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ncu" ng{gu" qdlgvq" fg" guvwfkq0" Kiwcnogpvg." ug" tgxku„"
lwtkurtwfgpekc" pcekqpcn." oƒu" gurgeÝecogpvg."
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Eqpuglq"fg"Guvcfq0" Vcodkfip."ug"cewfk„"c" nc"fqevtkpc"
gp" igpgtcn." {" oƒu" gurgeÝecogpvg." c" guvwfkqu" fg"
ecuqu"tgncekqpcfqu"eqp"nc"rncpgcek„p"rctvkekrcvkxc"gp"
Χολοµβια.
C" vtcxfiu" fg" wp" glgtekekq" kpvgtrtgvcvkxq" fg" ncu"
fkhgtgpvgu"hwgpvgu"eqpuwnvcfcu"{"fgpvtq"fg"wp"eqpvgzvq"
eqpuvkvwekqpcn" kttcfkcfq" rqt" nqu" rtkpekrkqu" fg" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"{"nc"rncpgcek„p"geqp„okec"{"
uqekcn."g"kpÞwgpekcfq" vcodkfip."rqt" gn"eqpegrvq" fg"nc"
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fg" rncpgcek„p" jcp" ukfq" eqpegdkfqu" eqoq" gzrtguk„p"
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ug" fkhgtgpekcp" fqu" vkrqu." nqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp" ncu"
gpvkfcfgu" vgttkvqtkcngu" {" nqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp" nqu"
fkhgtgpvgu" ugevqtgu" uqekcngu." {" gp" eqpugewgpekc."
τιενεν λα χαλιδαδ δε σερϖιδορεσ πβλιχοσ λοσ πριµεροσ
{"rctvkewnctgu" nqu" ugiwpfqu." tgrtgugpvcpfq" kpvgtgugu"
igpgtcngu" q" kpvgtgugu" rctvkewnctgu" fg" nqu" ugevqtgu."
tgurgevkxcogpvg0" Kiwcnogpvg." nqu" rtkpekrkqu"
eqpuvkvwekqpcngu" rgtokvgp" nngpct" fg" eqpvgpkfq" nqu"
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
21
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"{"ncu"fkhgtgpvgu"rquvwtcu"swg"
gp"vqtpq"c"gnnqu" ug"rtgugpvcp=" nqitƒpfqug"wpc" oc{qt"
ctoqpc"eqpegrvwcn"{"eqortgpuk„p"fgufg"gn"eqpegrvq"
fg"nc"rncpgcek„p"rctvkekrcvkxc0"
Fg"cnn"uwtig"gn"rtkpekrcn"crqtvg"fgn"rtgugpvg"cpƒnkuku."
rwgu" gp" rtkogt" nwict." rgtokvg" qhtgegt" enctkfcf"
eqpegrvwcn"cegtec"fg"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"{"fgn"
rctc"swfi"hwgtqp" etgcfqu"gp" Eqnqodkc="{" gp"ugiwpfq"
nwict."pqu"dtkpfctƒ"gngogpvqu"rctc"gn"rquvgtkqt"guvwfkq"
fg" uw" fkug‚q" kpuvkvwekqpcn" htgpvg" c" nqu" Ýpgu" fg" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc" gp"nc" rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec"
{" uqekcn." {c" swg" fc" ewgpvc" fg" wpq" fg" nqu" qdlgvkxqu"
rncpvgcfqu" gp" nc" kpxguvkicek„p" fg" vkrq" lwtfkeq"
δοχτριναλ δε δονδε εµανα4.
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guvƒ" rtgiwpvcpfq" cegtec" fg" nc" ocpgtc" e„oq" hwgtqp"
χονχεβιδοσ5" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p." ug" guvƒ"
jcekgpfq"cnwuk„p"c"uw"eqpegrvq."uw"pcvwtcng¦c"lwtfkec."
e„oq"guvƒp" kpvgitcfqu." rctc" swfi"ug" etgctqp." ewƒn" gu"
uw" ectƒevgt" {" ewƒngu" uqp" uwu" hwpekqpgu0"Cu" okuoq."
ug"jc"gpvgpfkfq"swg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p."nc"Ng{"Qtiƒpkec"
fgn"Rncp"fg"Fgucttqnnq"{"uwu"Fgetgvqu"tgincogpvctkqu"
eqpuvkvw{gp"gn"octeq"ngicn"igpgtcn"fg"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"
rncpgcek„p8."swg"eqpvkgpg"uw"fkug‚q"kpuvkvwekqpcn7.
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Gp"nc"rtkogtc."ug"cpcnk¦ctƒ"gn"eqpvgzvq"eqpuvkvwekqpcn"
fgpvtq"fgn" ewcn" pcekgtqp" nqu"eqpuglqu"fg" rncpgcek„p"
gp"Eqnqodkc." eqp" gn"Ýp"fg" kfgpvkÝect" nqu" tghgtgpvgu"
vg„tkequ"swg"uwuvgpvcp"uw"pcekokgpvq0"["gp"nc"ugiwpfc."
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fg"rncpgcek„p"{"uwu"okgodtqu0"
40"Eqoq"{c"ug"gzrtgu„."gn"rtgugpvg"ctvewnq"gu"rtqfwevq"fgn"rtq{gevq"fqevqtcn"
fg"uw"cwvqtc="ew{cu"eqpenwukqpgu"crqtvctƒp"cn"guvwfkq"fgn"fkug‚q"kpuvkvwekqpcn"
fg"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"qdlgvq"fg"fkejc"kpxguvkicek„p0
70"Fg"cewgtfq"eqp"gn"Fkeekqpctkq"fg"nc"Tgcn"Cecfgokc"Gurc‚qnc."rqt"eqpeg
dkt"ug"gpvkgpfgpqtoct"kfgc."jcegt"eqpegrvq"fg"cniqÑ0"yyy0
ραε.εσ
60Gu"korqtvcpvg"ogpekqpct.""swg"c"pkxgn"fgrctvcogpvcn""{"owpkekrcn."gp"ecfc"
ecuq"eqpetgvq" ug" fgdgtƒp" guvwfkct" ncu" qtfgpcp¦cu" q" cewgtfqu" rgtvkpgpvgu="
rwgu"gp"xktvwf"fgn"ctvewnq"56"fg"nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6."ncu"Cucodngcu"Fgrctvc
ogpvcngu"{"Eqpeglqu"Owpkekrcngu."fgÝpktƒp"nc"eqorqukek„p"fg" nqu"eqpuglqu"
vgttkvqtkcngu."ugi¿p"gn"ecuq0"Gu"fgekt."swg"gp"gn"rtgugpvg"ctvewnq"ug" jceg"cnw
uk„p"c"ncu"pqtocu"fgn"ƒodkvq"pcekqpcn0
70"Rqt"fkug‚q"kpuvkvwekqpcn"ug"gpvkgpfg"nc"ocpgtc"eqoq"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"{"ncu"
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ek„p"*Xgnƒuswg¦"{" Iqp¦ƒng¦."4228+=" fg"ocpgtc" swg"ug" rtgugpvg"wpc" Ðlwuvc"
eqttgurqpfgpekcÑ"fgn"qdlgvq"fkug‚cfq"eqp"uw"gpvqtpqÑ"*Iqqfkp."4225."r0"78+0
Χοντεξτο χονστιτυχιοναλ
Eqp"nc"gpvtcfc"gp"xkigpekc"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"Rqnvkec"
fg" 3;;3" ug" octec" gn" qtkigp" fg" nqu" " eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p"gp"Eqnqodkc." cn"guvcdngegt" gp"uw" ctvewnq"
562"swg"Ðjcdtƒ"wp"Eqpuglq"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„pÑ"{"
Ðgp"ncu"gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu"jcdtƒ"vcodkfip"eqpuglqu"
fg"rncpgcek„pÑ0"
C" nc" xg¦." nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" fg" 3;;3." gu" htwvq" fg" wp"
rtqeguq"eqpuvkvw{gpvg."korwnucfq"rqt"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"
ekwfcfcpc=" nc" ewcn" pq" u„nq" hwg" uw" oqvqt" ukpq" nc"
curktcek„p" eqngevkxc." vcn" eqoq" ug" fgurtgpfg" fg" nqu"
fkhgtgpvgu" rtq{gevqu" g" kpvgtxgpekqpgu" rtgugpvcfcu"
gp"gn" ugpq" fg"nc"Cucodngc" Pcekqpcn"Eqpuvkvw{gpvg8.
Uwtig"rwgu"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"eqoq"rtkpekrkq"
hwpfcpvg" fgn" Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg" fgtgejq." swg" vtclq"
eqpukiq" wpc" tgfgÝpkek„p" gp" ncu" tgncekqpgu" gpvtg" gn"
Guvcfq"{"nc"uqekgfcf."fqpfg"ug"gpvkgpfg"swg"cswfin"guvƒ"
cn"ugtxkekq"fg" guvc="fqpfg"gn" Guvcfq"fgdg"cegtectug" c"
nc"uqekgfcf"c" vtcxfiu"fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"cevkxc" fg"uwu"
ekwfcfcpqu."rctc"ugt"gÝec¦"gp"gn"ewornkokgpvq"fg"uwu"
Ýpgu"gugpekcngu"*Cucodngc"Pcekqpcn"Eqpuvkvw{gpvg"Î"
gp"nq"uwegukxq"C0P0E0."3;;3."Icegvcu"Eqpuvkvwekqpcngu"
32."75"{";5+0
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παρτιχιπατιϖα χοµο χοµπλεµεντο δε λα ρεπρεσεντατιϖα,
ug" dwuecdc" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc" gp" fkhgtgpvgu"
ƒodkvqu"fg"nc"xkfc."pq"u„nq"cn"oqogpvq"fg"gngikt"{"ugt"
gngikfq."ukpq"rctc"gn"glgtekekq"{"eqpvtqn"fgn"glgtekekq"fgn"
rqfgt"{"gp"nc"vqoc"fg"fgekukqpgu"r¿dnkecu."fg"ocpgtc"
fktgevc"q"c"vtcxfiu"fg"tgrtgugpvcpvgu0"Eqpuvkvw{gpfq"nc"
rncpgcek„p"geqp„okec"{"uqekcn"wpq" fg"guqu"gurcekqu."
gn"oƒu" rtqrkekq"ugi¿p" nc"eqpuvkvw{gpvg." rctc"tgeqigt"
nc"qrkpk„p"ekwfcfcpc"*C0"P0"E0."3;;3."Icegvcu"32."74."
93.":3."gpvtg"qvtcu+0
80"C"ocpgtc"fg"glgornq."ug"ogpekqpcp"ncu"ukiwkgpvgu"kpvgtxgpekqpgu"eqpuwn
vcfcu"gp"ncu"Icegvcu"fg"nc"Cucodngc"Pcekqpcn"Eqpuvkvw{gpvg"fg"3;;3
Vgtguc"Ictefiu"Nnqtgfc."Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"320"Iwknngtoq" Rgtt{."Jq
tctkq"Ugtrc"{"Gfwctfq"Xgtcpq="I0"E0"Pq"440"ènxctq"Ecnc"Jgfgtkej."I0"E0"Pq"
450"Lckog"Ctkcu"N„rg¦."I0"E0"Pq"450"Cpvqpkq"Icnƒp"Uctokgpvq."I0"E0"Pq"530"
Cndgtvq"¥cncogc"Equvc." I0"E0" Pq"580" Gfwctfq"Gurkpquc" Hcekqnkpeg."I0" E0"
Pq"660"Kxƒp"Octwncpfc."Iwknngtoq" Rgtt{."Lckog"Dgpvg¦."Cpignkpq"Ict¦„p."
Vwnkq"Ewgxcu"{"Iwknngtoq"Iwgttgtq0"I0"E0"Pq"680"Cnhtgfq"Xƒuswg¦"Ecttk¦q
uc."I0"E0"Pq"690" Ectnqu"Jqnogu"Vtwlknnq"Ictec.""I0"E0" Pq"690"ènxctq"Ecnc"
Jgfgtkej."I0"E0"Pq"6:0"ènxctq"Gejgxgtt{"Wtwdwtw."I0"E0"Pq"6:0"Iwknngtoq"
Rgtt{"Twdkq."I0" E0"Pq"6:"fgn" 340"Qtncpfq"Hcnu" Dqtfc0"I0"E0" Pq"6:"fgn" 34"
fg"cdtkn0"Lckog" Ctkcu"N„rg¦."Fctq" Oglc"Ciwfgnq"{" Lwcp"Ectnqu" Guiwgttc"
Rqtvqecttgtq0"I0"E0"Pq"740"Vcn"eqoq"{c"nq"jcdc"cfxgtvkfq"nc"cwvqtc"gp"qvtqu"
fqewogpvqu."eqoq"rqt"glgornq."gp" nc"rqpgpekc"rtgugpvcfc""rqt"nc" cwvqtc"cn"
KKK"GEJVGE"nngxcfq"c"ecdq"gp"Iqk¤pkc"Î"Iqkƒu"Î"Dtcukn"gp"oc{q"fg"4237="nc"
rqpgpekc"nngxc"rqt"vvwnq"ÐNqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"eqoq"gzrtguk„p"fg" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"gp"nc"rncpgcek„p"geqp„okec"{"uqekcn"gp"EqnqodkcÑ0
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
22
Ug" vkgpg" rwgu." swg" eqphqtog" c" nq" gzrtgucfq." nc"
Eqpuvkvwek„p" fg" 3;;3" eqpucitc" nc" rctvkekrcek„p"
ekwfcfcpc" eqoq" wp" xcnqt." gp" uw" rtgƒodwnq0" Cu"
okuoq." gp" uw" ctvewnq" 3³" fkeg" swg" Eqnqodkc" gu" wp"
Guvcfq"uqekcn"fg"fgtgejq."fgoqetƒvkeq"{"rctvkekrcvkxq0"
Gp" uw" ctvewnq" 4³" eqpucitc" eqoq" wpq" fg" nqu" Ýpgu"
gugpekcngu" fgn" Guvcfq." Ðhceknkvct" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" fg"
vqfqu"gp" ncu" fgekukqpgu" swg"nqu" chgevcp" {" gp"nc" xkfc"
geqp„okecÑ0"["gp" gn" ctvewnq" 5³."ewcpfq" fkeg" swg"nc"
uqdgtcpc"rwgfg"ugt"glgtekfc"rqt"gn"rwgdnq."fg"ocpgtc"
fktgevc"q"rqt"ogfkq"fg"uwu"tgrtgugpvcpvgu0"
Eqp" vqfq" nq" cpvgtkqt." ug" swkgtg" ukipkÝect" swg."
fg" eqphqtokfcf" eqp" gn" eqpvgzvq" eqpuvkvwekqpcn"
eqnqodkcpq."nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"eqpuvkvw{g"wp"
rtkpekrkq"hwpfcpvg" fgn"Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg"fgtgejq" swg"
kttcfkc"pq" u„nq" nc" rctvg"qtiƒpkec" fg" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p."
ukpq" vqfq" gn" qtfgpcokgpvq" lwtfkeq9=" ug" gzvkgpfg"
c" vqfq" vkrq" fg" fgekukqpgu" fg" pcvwtcng¦c" r¿dnkec."
rqt"nq" ewcn" ug" qdugtxc"c" nq" nctiq" fg"nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p"
διϖερσιδαδ δε µεχανισµοσ, προχεδιµιεντοσ ε
kpuvcpekcu" fg" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc." fgpvtq" fg"
nqu" swg" ug" gpewgpvtcp" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p0"
Nq"swg" jc" nngxcfq" c"nc" Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" c"fgekt"
swg" ug" vtcvc" fg" wp" rtkpekrkq" wpkxgtucn" {" gzrcpukxq"
*ugpvgpekcu" E/2:;1;6." E/3:21;6+." fg" fqpfg" ug"
fgurtgpfgp" fgtgejqu" {" qdnkicekqpgu." fgdkfipfqug"
ictcpvk¦ct"uw" ghgevkxkfcf."eqoq" nq"ocpfc" gn"ctvewnq"
4³"eqpuvkvwekqpcn0
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eqpvgzvq" eqpuvkvwekqpcn" eqnqodkcpq" guvƒ" gpoctecfq"
fgpvtq" fg" nc" eqttgncek„p" gpvtg" Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg"
fgtgejq" {" fgoqetcekc=" {" swg" nc" rctvkekrcek„p"
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dwuec"pq"u„nq" rtqhwpfk¦ct"nc"fgoqetcekc" *cornkcpfq"
nc"rctvkekrcek„p"fg" fkhgtgpvgu"ugevqtgu"fg"nc" uqekgfcf"
gp" nc" fkuewuk„p" fg" vgocu" fg" pcvwtcng¦c" r¿dnkec+."
ukpq" vcodkfip." dtkpfctng" ngikvkokfcf" {" gÝecekc" cn"
αχχιοναρ δελ Εσταδο100"Uqdtg"gn" rctvkewnct."ug"nncoc"nc"
90"Cu" nq" jc" gpvgpfkfq" nc" Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn." c" ocpgtc" fg" glgornq." ug"
ekvcp"ncu" ukiwkgpvgu" ugpvgpekcu
E/3;31;8."E/3:21;6."E/3721370
100"Dcucfq" gp" nq" gzrtgucfq" gp" ncu" ukiwkgpvgu" hwgpvgu
Eqpuvkvw{gpvg."cfgoƒu."fg"ncu"Icegvcu"{c" ogpekqpcfcu."ug"vkgpgp"gp"ewgpvc"
ncu"ukiwkgpvgu."Tchcgn"Kipcekq"
Oqnkpc"Iktcnfq."Cpvqpkq"[grgu"Rcttc."Tqftkiq"Nnqtgfc"Eckegfq"{"Quect"Jq
{qu"Pctcplq0"Icegvc" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq" 750"Lckog"Ctkcu"N„rg¦." Icegvc"Pq"
;50"Hgtpcpfq"Ecttknnq"Hn„tg¦."Icegvc" Pq"329"fgn"46"fg" lwpkq"fg"3;;3."r0":0"
Eqtvg"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn."ugpvgpekcu korqt
vcpvg"ekvct"vcodkfip" c"Ewpknn" 3;;3="Xgnƒuswg¦"gv"cn0." 4225=""Nk¦ctc¦q." 4229="
Jgtpƒpfg¦."4232="Iktcnfq"gv"cn0."42340"Nqpfq‚q"*4234+0
cvgpek„p" uqdtg" nqu" fqu" gphqswgu" fg" nc" rctvkekrcek„p"
swg" rtgugpvcp" Xgnƒuswg¦"{" Iqp¦ƒng¦" *4225+ eqoq"
glgtekekq"fgoqetƒvkeq"*rqnvkeq+"{" eqoq"ogvqfqnqic"
rctc"gn"nqitq"fg"qdlgvkxqu="nq"ewcn."iwctfc"eqjgtgpekc"
eqp"nqu"Ýpgu"cecdcfqu"fg"gzrtguct0
Cu" okuoq." cn" gzcokpct" gn" eqpvgzvq" eqpuvkvwekqpcn"
fgpvtq" fgn" ewcn" hwgtqp" etgcfqu" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p="ug" fgdg"jcdnct" cegtec"fg" nc"kpvgtxgpek„p"
fgn"Guvcfq" gp" nc" geqpqoc." ow{" nkicfq" kiwcnogpvg."
cn" eqpegrvq" fg" Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg" fgtgejq" *Eqtvg"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn." E/9351;:+0" Nc" kpvgtxgpek„p" swgf„"
eqpucitcfc" gp" gn" ctvewnq" 556" fg" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p."
gn" ewcn" hqtoc" rctvg" fgn" Vvwnq" ZKK" Fgn" Tfiikogp"
Geqp„okeq"{" fg" nc"Jcekgpfc" R¿dnkec."wdkecfq" gp" nc"
rctvg"qtiƒpkec"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p."nc"ewcn"Cngzgk"Lwnkq"
kpenw{g" fgpvtq" fg" nqu" rtkpekrkqu" swg" ectcevgtk¦cp" nc"
Eqpuvkvwek„p"Geqp„okec" fg" nc" Ectvc" fg" 3;;3." lwpvq"
eqp"nc"rncpgcek „p."swg"rgtokvg" ctvkewnct"ncu" rqnvkecu"
geqp„okecu."uqekcngu"{"codkgpvcngu"*4224+0"
Eqp" nc" kpvgtxgpek„p" fgn" Guvcfq" gp" nc" geqpqoc" ug"
dwuec" tcekqpcnk¦ct" nc" geqpqoc" rctc" eqpugiwkt" gn"
dkgpguvct"igpgtcn"{" oglqtct"nc" ecnkfcf"fg"xkfc" fg"nqu"
jcdkvcpvgu" *ctvewnqu" 556" {" 588" E0R0+0"[" gpewgpvtc"
gp" nc" rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec" {" uqekcn" gn" rtkpekrcn"
kpuvtwogpvq" rctc" cnecp¦ctnq" *C0P0E0." 3;;3." Icegvc"
Pq" :2+0" Nc" rncpgcek„p" gu" wp" rtqeguq" swg" tgurqpfg"
c"wpc"tcekqpcnkfcf dwuec"gÝekgpekc" gp"gn" ocpglq"fg"
nqu"tgewtuqu="gu"wp"rtqeguq" eqornglq."rwgu"ug"tgcnk¦c"
gp"fkhgtgpvgu" gvcrcu"g"kpvgtxkgpgp" fkhgtgpvgu"cevqtgu="
cenctcpfq" swg" gn" Guvcfq" gu" swkgp" vqoc" nc" fgekuk„p"
*C0P0E0."Icegvc"Pq"335."3;;3+0
C"nq" nctiq" fg" ncu" fkhgtgpvgu" kpvgtxgpekqpgu" nngxcfcu"
c" ecdq" gp" nc" Cucodngc" Pcekqpcn" Eqpuvkvw{gpvg." ug"
gpvgpfk„"swg"nc"rncpgcek„p"ug"eqpuvkvwc"gp"gn"gurcekq"
oƒu" rtqrkekq" fg" kpvgtceek„p" gpvtg" gn" Guvcfq" {" nc"
uqekgfcf"ekxkn"*Icegvc"44."45."66."6:."77."335+."nq"ewcn"
iwctfc"eqjgtgpekc"eqp"nqu"rquvwncfqu"fgn"Guvcfq"uqekcn"
fg"fgtgejq"{"gn"rtkpekrkq"fgoqetƒvkeq"{c"eqogpvcfq0"
Rgtq" kiwcnogpvg." gn" rtqeguq" fg" rncpgcek„p" ug" xg"
rgtogcfq" rqt" nqu" rtkpekrkqu" eqpuvkvwekqpcngu" fg" nc"
rtkqtkfcf"fgn"icuvq"*Ctvewnq"588" eqpuvkvwekqpcn+"{"gn"
fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc."c"vtcxfiu"fg"nqu"„ticpqu"
swg"eqphqtocp"gn"Ukuvgoc"Pcekqpcn"fg" Rncpgcek„p."{"
gn"fg"nc"eqpegtvcek„p"gpvtg"ncu"cwvqtkfcfgu"pcekqpcngu"
{" vgttkvqtkcngu" *Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn." ugpvgpekc"
E/779122+0
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
23
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
Fg" qvtc" rctvg." nc" rncpkÝecek„p" geqp„okec" {" uqekcn"
gu"xkuvc"vcodkfip" eqoq"wpc" hwpek„p"swg" guvƒ"fguetkvc"
{" tgiwncfc" gp" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" {" swg" kpxqnwetc" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p" fgn" iqdkgtpq." gn" Eqpitguq." fkxgtucu"
kpuvcpekcu"cfokpkuvtcvkxcu"pcekqpcngu"{"vgttkvqtkcngu."c"
nc"Tcoc" Lwfkekcn" {"vcodkfip" rgtokvg" nc"rctvkekrcek„p"
fg" nc" eqowpkfcf" *Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn
E/779122."E/3287123."E/527126."E/299134+0
Gp" tguwogp." nc" rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec" {" uqekcn" gu"
wp" kpuvtwogpvq" fg" kpvgtxgpek„p" fgn" Guvcfq" gp" nc"
geqpqoc." nc" rkgftc" cpiwnct" fg" nc" hwpek„p" r¿dnkec"
*Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn." E/779122." E/3287123+=" c"
vtcxfiu"fg"nc" ewcn"ug" dwuec"nqitct" gn"dkgpguvct"igpgtcn"
{" oglqtct" nc" ecnkfcf" fg" xkfc." fg" ocpgtc" gÝekgpvg."
c" vtcxfiu" fg" wp" rtqeguq" eqornglq0" Gn" oqfgnq" fg"
rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec" {" uqekcn" cfqrvcfq" rqt" nc"
Eqpuvkvwek„p"fg"3;;3."pqu"fkeg"swg"gu"wpc"rncpgcek„p"
rtqitcoƒvkec."kpvgitcn"{"rctvkekrcvkxc"*E/746125+="swg"
fgdg"jcegtug" fg" ocpgtc"fgoqetƒvkec"eqpegtvcfc." fg"
cdclq"jcekc."fg"nq"nqecn"c"nq"pcekqpcn="eqp"etkvgtkqu"fg"
gÝekgpekc"{"ghgevkxkfcf="{"eqp"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"fg"nqu"
fkhgtgpvgu"ugevqtgu"fg"nc"uqekgfcf0
Nq" rctvkekrcvkxq" ug" gxkfgpekc" gp" nc" etgcek„p" fg"
nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p." fqpfg" vkgpgp" cukgpvq"
tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" nqu" fkhgtgpvgu" ugevqtgu" fg" nc"
uqekgfcf."cu"eqoq"fg" ncu"gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu="eqp"
ectƒevgt"eqpuwnvkxq"{"rctc"ugtxkt"fg"hqtq"fg"fkuewuk„p"
fgn" rtq{gevq" fg" rncp0" Cwpswg." fg" cewgtfq" eqp" nc"
Eqtvg"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn." gn" ectƒevgt" fg"rctvkekrcvkxq"fg"
nc"rncpgcek„p." rwgfg" xgpkt" fgn" jgejq" swg" nc" ng{"fgn"
rncp"gu" gn" tguwnvcfq" fg"wp"rtqeguq" kpvgtkpuvkvwekqpcn"
{"rctvkekrcvkxq."fg"eqpegtvcek„p"gpvtg"gn"iqdkgtpq"{"gn"
Eqpitguq."fkhgtgpvgu"cwvqtkfcfgu."eqowpkfcf"c"vtcxfiu"
fgn"eqpuglq"fg"rncpgcek„p"*Ugpvgpekc"527126+0
Gp"guvg"rwpvq"ug"kpvtqfweg"gn"eqpegrvq"fg"rncpgcek„p"
rctvkekrcvkxc."gn"ewcn"jc"ukfq"gorngcfq"fgufg"gn"okuoq"
ugpq"fg"nc"C0"P0"E0"jcuvc"rqt"fkhgtgpvgu"fqevtkpcpvgu11.
Rctc"gorg¦ct."gp"nc"C0P0E0"ug"kpeqtrqt„"guvg"eqpegrvq"
nkicfq"eqp"nc" etgcek„p"fg"nqu" eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"
{"rctc"ukipkÝect"swg"nc"rncpgcek„p"ug"fgdg"jcegt"eqp"
nc"cevkxc" kpvgtxgpek„p" vcpvq"fg" nqu" gpvgu"vgttkvqtkcngu"
eqoq" fg" ncu" qticpk¦cekqpgu" uqekcngu" *Icegvcu"
330"C" vvwnq" fg" glgornq." ug" ogpekqpcp" ncu" ukiwkgpvgu" hwgpvgu
Pcekqpcn"Eqpuvkvw{gpvg."Icegvcu"6:." 77"{":7."3;;3="Xgnƒuswg¦"gv"cn0." 4225="
Xknncoctp."4226="¥cowfkq"{"Hwgpvgu."4229="Iktcnfq"gv"cn0."4234="Nqpfq‚q."
2012.
Eqpuvkvwekqpcngu"Pq"6:." 77"{" :7."3;;3+0"Cu" okuoq."
qvtqu" cwvqtgu." eqoq" Xgnƒuswg¦" *3;;7+." ug" tgÝgtg"
c" nc" rncpgcek„p" rctvkekrcvkxc" eqoq" wp" gngogpvq"
hwpfcogpvcn" fg" nc" iguvk„p" r¿dnkec." rctc" cnecp¦ct"
nqu" Ýpgu" gugpekcngu" fgn" Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg" fgtgejq="
gu" wp" ogecpkuoq" swg" vkgpg" wpc" fqdng" fkogpuk„p
rctc" tcekqpcnk¦ct" nc" ceek„p" fgn" iqdkgtpq" {" rgtokvg"
eqpuvtwkt"wpc"pwgxc"hqtoc"fg"tgncek„p"gpvtg"gn"Guvcfq"
{"nc"uqekgfcf"ekxkn="fqpfg"gpvtcp"gp"lwgiq"uw"gugpekc"
fgoqetƒvkec" {" fqpfg" gn" fkƒnqiq" {" nc" eqpegtvcek„p"
uqp"gugpekcngu"rctc"dwuect"gn"fgucttqnnq"{" dkgpguvct"
eqngevkxq" *Xgnƒuswg¦" 3;;7" Gpgnƒuswg¦" gv" cn0."
4225+0"Kiwcnogpvg." gu" wp"rtqeguq" rqnvkeq." fqpfg"ug"
fgdg" gswknkdtct" gn" kpvgtfiu" rctvkewnct" eqp" gn" igpgtcn="
eqornglq." rqtswg" tgswkgtg" wpc" oktcfc" jqnuvkec" fgn"
vgttkvqtkq="{" gu"wp" guegpctkq" rctc"eqorctvkt" fkugpuqu"
{"eqpuvtwkt"eqpugpuqu"*Xgnƒuswg¦"gv"cn0."4225+0"Rqt"uw"
rctvg."gp"gn"ètgc"Ogvtqrqnkvcpc"fgn"Egpvtq"Qeekfgpvg"
eqnqodkcpq." nc" gpvkgpfgp" eqoq" wp" kpuvtwogpvq"
hwpfcogpvcn" rctc" vtcpuhqtoct" nc" tgcnkfcf" uqekcn" {"
etgct"gurcekqu" fgoqetƒvkequ." rwgu"gu" wp" ogfkq"rctc"
cegtectug"c"nqu"rtqdngocu"{"eqpuvtwkt"uqnwekqpgu"fgufg"
cdclq"*Xgnƒuswg¦"gv"cn0." 4225."tgÝtkfipfqug"cn"guvwfkq"
fg"ecuq"fgn"ètgc"Ogvtqrqnkvcpc"fgn"Egpvtq"Qeekfgpvg"
eqnqodkcpq."eqphqtocfc" rqt" Rgtgktc." Fquswgdtcfcu"
{"Nc"Xktikpkc."4224+0"["gp"nc" ¥qpc"Egpvtq"Ogfgnnp
ÐNc"rncpgcek„p"rctvkekrcvkxc"guvƒ"eqpegdkfc"eqoq"wp"
rtqeguq" cuegpfgpvg." g" kpeqtrqtc" uwrwguvqu" dƒukequ"
eqoq" nc" eqpegtvcek„p" {" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" gpvtg" ncu"
qticpk¦cekqpgu"eqowpkvctkcu."nqu"ekwfcfcpqu."gn"ugevqt"
iwdgtpcogpvcn"{" gn" ugevqt" rtkxcfqÈÑ"*Xgnƒuswg¦"gv"
cn0."4225."r0"639+0"Rqt"uw"rctvg."¥cowfkq"{"Hwgpvgu"ug"
tgÝgtg"c"nc"rncpgcek„p"rctvkekrcvkxc"eqoq"wp"rtqeguq"
rqnvkeq." cn" ewcn" eqpÞw{gp" fkhgtgpvgu" cevqtgu" uqp"
kpvgtgugu"kiwcnogpvg"fkxgtuqu."swg"dwuecp"kfgpvkÝect"
rtqdngocu" {" rqvgpekct" guhwgt¦qu." rctc" oglqtct" ncu"
eqpfkekqpgu" fg" xkfc." nc" eqpxkxgpekc" {" nc" iguvk„p"
r¿dnkec"*4229+0
Fg" nq" fkejq" jcuvc" cjqtc." gn" eqpvgzvq" eqpuvkvwekqpcn"
fgpvtq" fgn" ewcn" hwgtqp" etgcfqu" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p."pqu" fkeg" swg" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc"
gu"wp"rtkpekrkq"hwpfcpvg"fgn"Guvcfq"uqekcn"fg"fgtgejq"
eqnqodkcpq0" Cu" okuoq." nc" rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec"
{" uqekcn." eqoq" kpuvtwogpvq" fg" kpvgtxgpek„p" gp" nc"
geqpqoc."guvƒ"fktkikfc"c"nqitct"gn"dkgpguvct"igpgtcn"{"
oglqtcokgpvq"fg"nc"ecnkfcf"fg"xkfc"fg"uwu"jcdkvcpvgu="
gu" fgekt." gu" wp" kpuvtwogpvq" rctc" cnecp¦ct" nqu" Ýpgu"
gugpekcngu"fgn"Guvcfq0"Nq"swg"ug"rwgfg"fgfwekt"swg"nc"
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
24
rncpgcek„p"pq"u„nq"gu"wp"kpuvtwogpvq"fg"kpvgtxgpek„p"
guvcvcn." ukpq." swg" cn" kortkotugng" gn" ectƒevgt" fg"
rctvkekrcvkxq." kpeqtrqtc" gn" gngogpvq" fgoqetƒvkeq"
{" c" nc" xg¦" gn" gngogpvq" fg" iqdgtpcdknkfcf" *gÝecekc"
{" ngikvkokfcf+0" Eqp" guvq" gp" ogpvg." ug" etgctqp" nqu"
eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p." eqoq" gzrtguk„p" fg" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"gp"nc" rncpgcek„p"{"eqp"gn" Ýp"
fg" c{wfct" c" cnecp¦ct" nqu" Ýpgu" fgn" Guvcfq." vqocpfq"
rctvg"fgpvtq"fgn" rtqeguq"fg" rncpgcek„p"eqoq"„ticpq"
eqpuwnvkxq" {" uktxkgpfq" fg" hqtq" fg" fgnkdgtcek„p" fgn"
rtq{gevq"fg"rncp0
Χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν
Ug" vkgpg" gpvqpegu." swg" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" etgc" nqu"
eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p" gp" gn" ctvewnq" 562." ctvewnq"
swg"ug" gpewgpvtc" wdkecfq"gp" gn" ecrvwnq"KK" uqdtg" nqu"
rncpgu"fg"fgucttqnnq=" gn"ewcn"c" nc"xg¦."guvƒ" fgpvtq"fgn"
vvwnq" ZKK" swg" tgiwnc" gn" Tfiikogp" Geqp„okeq" {" fg"
nc"Jcekgpfc" R¿dnkec0" Gu" fgekt." ug" jcnncp" gp" nc" rctvg"
qtiƒpkec"fg"nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p."swg" eqoq" swgf„"fkejq."
guvƒ" kttcfkcfc" rqt" nc" fqioƒvkec0" Rgtq" c" nc" xg¦." ncu"
fkurqukekqpgu" eqpvgpkfcu" gp" guvg" vvwnq." rgtvgpgegp"
c" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" Geqp„okec=" tgurgevq" fg" nq" ewcn"
nc" Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" jc" fkejq" swg" nqu" rtkpekrkqu"
eqpuvkvwekqpcngu"tgncekqpcfqu"eqp"nc"geqpqoc"vkgpgp"
ectƒevgt" xkpewncpvg" rctc" ncu" cwvqtkfcfgu" r¿dnkecu"
{" rctc" nqu" rctvkewnctgu=" ceqtfg" eqp" nc" enƒwuwnc" fgn"
Guvcfq"uqekcn"fg"fgtgejq"*ugpvgpekc"E/9351;:+0
Cu" okuoq." ug" fgdg" ogpekqpct" swg" eqp" dcug" gp"
gn" ctvewnq" 564" fg" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p." ug" gzrkfk„" nc"
Ng{" Qtiƒpkec" fgn" rncp" fg" fgucttqnnq." nc" ewcn" vkgpg"
eqoq" rtqr„ukvq" Ðguvcdngegt" nqu" rtqegfkokgpvqu"
{" ogecpkuoqu" rctc" nc" gncdqtcek„p." crtqdcek„p."
glgewek„p." ugiwkokgpvq." gxcnwcek„p" {" eqpvtqn" fg"
nqu" rncpgu" fg" fgucttqnnqÑ." cn" kiwcn" swg" tgiwnct" nqu"
fgoƒu" curgevqu" eqpvgorncfqu" rqt" gn" ctvewnq" 342
eqpuvkvwekqpcn"{"rqt"ncu"pqtocu"eqpuvkvwekqpcngu"swg"ug"
tgÝgtgp"cn"rncp"fg"fgucttqnnq"{"nc"rncpkÝecek„p"*ctvewnq"
3³+="kiwcnogpvg."guvc"Ng{"ug"crnkectƒ"c"nc"Pcek„p."c"ncu"
gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu"{"c"nqu"qticpkuoqu"r¿dnkequ"fg"
vqfq"qtfgp"*ctvewnq" 4³+0"Kiwcnogpvg." nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"
rncpgcek„p"guvƒp"kpvgitcfqu"rqt"tgrtgugpvcpvgu"fg"ncu"
gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu" {" fg"nqu" ugevqtgu"geqp„okequ."
uqekcngu." geqn„ikequ." eqowpkvctkqu" {" ewnvwtcngu=" uwu"
okgodtqu"nqu"fgukipc" gn"Rtgukfgpvg" fg"nc" Tgr¿dnkec."
iqdgtpcfqt"q"cnecnfg."ugi¿p"gn"ecuq"*Ctvewnq"62"E0R0"
{"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6+0
Fkejq" nq" cpvgtkqt." c" eqpvkpwcek„p" pqu" tghgtktgoqu"
c" swfi" ug" gpvkgpfg" rqt" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p."
uw" pcvwtcng¦c" lwtfkec" {" nc" fg" uwu" okgodtqu." e„oq"
ug" kpvgitcp" nqu" eqpuglqu." ewƒn" gu" uw" ectƒevgt" {" uwu"
hwpekqpgu0"Xgcoqu0
Χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν
Rctc" gorg¦ct." {" fg" cewgtfq" eqp" gn" eqpvgzvq"
eqpuvkvwekqpcn"fgpvtq" fgn"ewcn" pcegp" nqu"eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p."fiuvqu" hwgtqp"etgcfqu" eqoq"gzrtguk„p" fg"
nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc" gp" nc" rncpgcek„p." eqoq"
fkeg"gn" Fgrctvcogpvq"Pcekqpcn"Rncpgcek„p" Î"F0P0R/"
Ðnc"oƒzkoc"kpuvcpekc"fg"rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc"swg"
kpvgtxkgpg"gp" gn" rtqeguq" fg" rncpkÝecek„pÑ" *4229." r0"
9+="rqt" nq"vcpvq." guvƒp"gpecokpcfqu" cn"ewornkokgpvq"
fg"nqu"Ýpgu"fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc
nc"fgoqetcekc"{"hqtvcngegt"nc"iqdgtpcdknkfcf0"
Gp" ewcpvq" c" swfi" ug" gpvkgpfg" rqt" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p."pk" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" pk" nc" n g{" nqu" fgÝpgp."
rgtq" uk" crqtvcp" gngogpvqu" rctc" uw" eqortgpuk„p0"
Gp" rtkogtc" kpuvcpekc." fg" cewgtfq" eqp" gn" kpekuq"
Ýpcn" fgn" ctvewnq" 562" eqpuvkvwekqpcn." gn" ÐEqpuglq"
Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p" {" nqu" eqpuglqu" vgttkvqtkcngu"
fg" rncpgcek„p" eqpuvkvw{gp" gn" ukuvgoc" pcekqpcn" fg"
rncpgcek„pÑ0" Ewcpfq" ug" jceg" cnwuk„p" c" ukuvgoc." ug"
rctvg"fg"nc"qticpk¦cek„p" vgttkvqtkcn."fg"nc" ctvkewncek„p"
gpvtg" nq" pcekqpcn" {" vgttkvqtkcn" *C0P0E0." Icegvcu"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcngu" Pq" 66." 77." :7" {" Xgnƒuswg¦" gv" cn0."
4225+=" ug" tgÝgtg" c" Ðwp" eqplwpvq" fg" eqorqpgpvgu"
*gpvkfcfgu+" ew{c" kpvgtceek„p" gpigpftc" pwgxqu"
gngogpvqu"eqp" pwgxcu" ewcnkfcfgu" swg"pq" ug" rqugcp"
eqoq"rctvgu" ugrctcfcuÑ"*Ugpcfq." Kphqtog/"rqpgpekc"
rctc"rtkogt"fgdcvg"rtq{gevq"fg"Ng{"Qtiƒpkec"fgn"Rncp"
fg"Fgucttqnnq."Icegvc"fgn"Eqpitguq"Pq"6:2"fg"3;;5."
r0"4+."fkejcu"gpvkfcfgu"uqp"ncu"gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu0
Guvg"Ukuvgoc"fg"rncpgcek„p"ug"fkhgtgpekc"fgn"cpvgtkqt."
rwgu" crwpvc" c" wp" ukuvgoc" cdkgtvq" {" vtcpurctgpvg."
fqpfg" kpvgtxkgpgp" nqu" ekwfcfcpqu" {" tgrtgugpvcpvgu"
fg" nqu" ugevqtgu" gp" swg" nc" uqekgfcf" ug" fkxkfg=" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"fg" ncu"gpvkfcfgu" vgttkvqtkcngu"gu" oc{qt="
{"dwuec"swg"nc"rncpgcek„p"vgpic"crnkecek„p"tgcn"*Eqtvg"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn
ukuvgoc" ug" dwuec" ctvkewncek„p" fg" nq" pcekqpcn" eqp" nq"
vgttkvqtkcn."gu"wpc"pwgxc" eqpegrek„p"fg"nc" rncpgcek„p"
swg" ug" dcuc" gp" nc" kpvgtceek„p" gpvtg" gn" Guvcfq" {" nqu"
cigpvgu" geqp„okequ" {" uqekcngu" *Xgnƒuswg¦" gn" cv0."
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
25
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
4225+0" Ukuvgoc" pcekqpcn" fg" rncpgcek„p" swg" eworng"
wpc"hwpek„p" pcekqpcn" eqp"wp" kfgcn"eqo¿p." swg" fgdg"
qrgtct" fgoqetƒvkec" {" ctoqpkqucogpvg." vgpkgpfq" gp"
ewgpvc"ncu"pgegukfcfgu"fg"nqu"gpvgu"vgttkvqtkcngu"*Eqtvg"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn."E/5591;5"{" E/2;61;8+0"Ukp"godctiq."
gn"eqpegrvq"fg"Ukuvgoc"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p"pq"hwg"
fgucttqnncfq"rqt"nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;7."ugi¿p"nq"gzrtguc"
Gtpguvq"Rncvc"*GpXgnƒuswg¦"gv"cn0"4225+0"Kiwcnogpvg."
ug"vtcg"c"eqncek„p" nq"gzrwguvq"rqt"Xknncoctp"*4226+."
swkgp" fkeg" swg" gn" Ukuvgoc" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p."
lwgic" wp" rcrgn" fg" korwnuqt" fg" nc" rncpgcek„p"
rctvkekrcvkxc." {" fg" ctvkewncfqt" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p"*gn"Pcekqpcn"{"nqu"vgttkvqtkcngu+0"Gu"fgpvtq"
fg"guvg"eqpegrvq"fg"Ukuvgoc"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p."
swg" ug" rwgfg" gpvqpegu" eqortgpfgt" nq" guvcdngekfq"
gp" gn" kpekuq" 4³" fgn" ctvewnq" 55;." swg" fkeg" swg" ncu"
gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu"gncdqtctƒp"{"cfqrvctƒp"uw"rncp"
fg"fgucttqnnq" Ðfg"ocpgtc" eqpegtvcfc"gpvtg" gnncu" {"gn"
iqdkgtpq"pcekqpcnÑ0
Cu"okuoq."fg"eqphqtokfcf"eqp"nc"Ng{" 374"fg"3;;6."
gn" Eqpuglq" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p" {" nqu" Eqpuglqu"
Vgttkvqtkcngu"fg"Rncpgcek„p"Owpkekrcn."Fgrctvcogpvcn."
Fkuvtkvcn."q" fg" ncu" Gpvkfcfgu" Vgttkvqtkcngu" Kpfigpcu."
uqp"kpuvcpekcu" fg"rncpgcek„p=" lwpvq" eqp"gn" Eqpitguq"
fg"nc"Tgr¿dnkec."ncu"Cucodngcu"Fgrctvcogpvcngu"{"nqu"
Eqpeglqu"Owpkekrcngu."Fkuvtkvcngu"{" fg"ncu"Gpvkfcfgu"
Vgttkvqtkcngu"Kpfigpcu"*ctvewnqu":³"{"55+0"Fkhgtgpvgu"
fg" ncu" cwvqtkfcfgu" fg" rncpgcek„p120" Fg" cewgtfq" eqp"
nq" gzrtgucfq" gp" nc" rqpgpekc" rctc" rtkogt" fgdcvg" fg"
nc"Ng{" 374" fg" 3;;6."nc" fkhgtgpekc" gpvtg" kpuvcpekcu"{"
cwvqtkfcfgu."fgrgpfg"fg"ncu"eqorgvgpekcu"swg"vgpicp"
gp" gn" rtqeguq" rncpkÝecfqt
Ðcswgnncu"swg"vkgpgp"kplgtgpekc"fktgevc"gp"nc"glgewek„pÑ"
{" ncu" kpuvcpekcu" cswgnncu." swg" Ðukp" ugt" cwvqtkfcfgu."
kpvgtxkgpgp" gp" nc" crtqdcek„p" {" ugiwkokgpvq" fgn"
rncp" gp" gn" pkxgn" vgttkvqtkcn" tgurgevkxqÑ" *Icegvc" fgn"
Eqpitguq" Pq" 6:2." 3;;5." r0" 7+0" Jc" fkejq" nc" Eqtvg"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn."swg"ncu"cwvqtkfcfgu"uqp"ncu"gpecticfcu"
fg"fkug‚ct"g"kpuvtwogpvcnk¦ct"ncu"rtqrwguvcu"kpenwkfcu"
gp"uw" rtqrwguvc"fg" rncp" fg"iqdkgtpq." ewcpfq"hwgtqp"
gngikfqu."gu" gn" uwlgvq" rncpkÝecfqt."vfiepkeq=" okgpvtcu"
swg" c" ncu" kpuvcpekcu." ngu" eqttgurqpfg" eqpqegt" {"
cpcnk¦ct" gn" rtq{gevq." gp" ew{c" gncdqtcek„p" pq" jcp"
340""Ncu"cwvqtkfcfgu"fg"rncpgcek„p"uqp"gn"Rtgukfgpvg"fg"nc"Tgr¿dnkec."FPR."gn"
Okpkuvtq"fg"Jcekgpfc"{""Etfifkvq"R¿dnkeq."fgoƒu"okpkuvgtkqu"{"fgrctvcogpvqu"
cfokpkuvtcvkxqu."ugi¿p"uw"ƒodkvq"hwpekqpcn="nqu"iqdgtpcfqtgu."cnecnfgu."eqp
uglq"fg"iqdkgtpq." ugetgvctcu"w" qÝekpcu"fg" rncpgcek„p"{" fgoƒu"ugetgvctcu."
fgrctvcogpvqu"cfokpkuvtcvkxqu"{"qÝekpcu." ugi¿p"uwu"hwpekqpgu" *ctvewnqu":³"
{"55"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6+0
rctvkekrcfq."rwgfgp"jcegt"uwigtgpekcu"rgtq"ukp"chgevct"
Ðnc"tcekqpcnkfcf"{"eqpukuvgpekc"fgn"rncpÑ"*E/"75:1;7+0"
["fkeg"gn"eqpuvkvw{gpvg"Ecnc."swg"ncu"kpuvcpekcu"fgdgp"
gpecwuct" nc" qrkpk„p" fgn" owpkekrkq" cn" fgrctvcogpvq"
{"fg" fiuvg"c "nc" pcek„p"*Icegvc" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq"45."
3;;3+="nq"ewcn"ukv¿c"c"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p."oƒu"
nkicfqu"cn"eqpegrvq"fg"Ukuvgoc"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p"
{c" eqogpvcfq=" {" nqu" nngxc" oƒu" jcekc" nc" qtknnc" fg"
nc" rncpgcek„p" eqoq" ogecpkuoq" fg" kpvgtxgpek„p"
geqp„okec0"Cu" okuoq." Xknncoctp" *4226+" fkeg" swg"
nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"pq"uqp"QPI."pk"„ticpq"fg"
nc"uqekgfcf"ekxkn." ukpq"wpc" kpuvcpekc="nq" swg"ukipkÝec"
swg" Ðgu" wp" gurcekq" fg" gpewgpvtq" fg" nqu" fkhgtgpvgu"
ugevqtgu"{" itwrqu" rqdncekqpcngu"c" vtcxfiu" fgn" ewcn"ug"
gzrtguc" nc" uqekgfcf" ekxknÑ" *r0" 65+." eqp" wpc" xkuk„p"
inqdcn"g"kpvgitcn="{"gp"uw"ugpvkt."uqp"oƒu"rctc"ngikvkoct"
swg"rctc"rtqhwpfk¦ct"nc"fgoqetcekc0
Fg" qvtc" rctvg." fg" cewgtfq" eqp" nc" encukÝecek„p" swg"
jcegp" Xgnƒuswg¦" gv" cn0" *4225+13, λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε
rncpgcek„p" eqpuvkvw{gp" wp" gurcekq" fg" rctvkekrcek„p"
inqdcn."rwgu"Ðuw"tghgtgpvg"gu"gn"owpkekrkq"q"nc"ekwfcf"
gp"uw"eqplwpvqÑ"*r0";9+."pq"wp"ugevqt="uw"eqphqtocek„p"
gu" qdnkicvqtkc" rctc" ncu" cwvqtkfcfgu" r¿dnkecu." pq"
rqvguvcvkxc0"[" uqp" fg" tgrtgugpvcvkxkfcf" uqekcn." rwgu"
cev¿cp" eqoq" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" ugevqtgu" gurgeÝequ"
*uqekcngu." vgttkvqtkcngu." gve0+=" {" fg" tgrtgugpvcek„p"
eqngevkxc" *itwrqu+." pq" fg" kpfkxkfwqu0" Guvg" rwpvq"
gu" ow{" korqtvcpvg." rwgu" rtgekucogpvg" wpq" fg" nqu"
curgevqu"swg"fkhgtgpekcp"nc"fgoqetcekc"tgrtgugpvcvkxc"
fg" nc" fgoqetcekc" rctvkekrcvkxc." gu" nc" pcvwtcng¦c" fgn"
gpectiq"swg"ug"jceg"cn"tgrtgugpvcpvg"*Dqddkq."3;:7"{"
Xgnƒuswg¦"gv"cn0"4225+."eqoq"nq"xgtgoqu"cn"tghgtktpqu"
α λοσ µιεµβροσ δε λοσ χονσεϕοσ.
Ug"eqpekdg"rwgu"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"gp"nc"rncpgcek„p."{"gp"
rctvkewnct."nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p."eqoq"gurcekqu"
swg"dwuecp"hqogpvct"gn"fkƒnqiq"{"nc"eqpegtvcek„p"gpvtg"
gn"Guvcfq"{"nc"uqekgfcf"ekxkn."rctc"ictcpvk¦ct"gn"ectƒevgt"
πβλιχο δε λασ δεχισιονεσ εν τορνο α λοσ πλανεσ δε
fgucttqnnq"*Iktcnfq"gv"cn0."4234+0"Kiwcnogpvg."ug" fgdg"
130"Guvc"encukÝecek„p"nc"jcegp"nqu"cwvqtgu"ekvcfqu"c"rctvkt"fg"kphqtocek„p"tg
eqngevcfc"gp"guvwfkq"swg"ug"egpvt„"gp"8"kpuvcpekcu"hqtocngu"fg"rctvkekrcek„p."
etgcfcu"rqt"nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p"{" ncu"ng{gu ncu"lwpvcu" cfokpkuvtcfqtcu"nqecngu."
ncu"xggfwtcu"ekwfcfcpcu." ncu"kpuvcpekcu" fg"nqu" ugevqtgu"fg" gfwecek„p"{" uc
nwf."nqu"eqpuglqu"owpkekrcngu"fg"fgucttqnnq" twtcn"{"nqu"eqpuglqu"vgttkvqtkcngu"
fg"rncpgcek„p0" Ug"egpvtctqp"gp" 6"curgevqu Ncu"eqpfkekqpgu" gzvgtpcu"fg" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc="nqu"uwlgvqu"fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p="ncu"oqvkxcekqpgu"fg"
nqu"cigpvgu"rctvkekrcvkxqu"{"nqu"tguwnvcfqu" fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p0"["gp"7"owpk
ekrkqu Ogfgnnp."Ecnk."Xcnngfwrct"{" Vctuq"*Cpvkqswkc+"*Xgnƒuswg¦"
gv"cn0."4225+0
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
48
vgpgt"rtgugpvg"swg"nqu"eqpuglqu" fg"rncpgcek„p"lwgicp"
wp" rcrgn" fgpvtq" fgn" rtqeguq" fg" rncpgcek„p." pq" u„nq"
gp"nc"hcug"fg"fkuewuk„p"fgn" rncp."ukpq"swg"ug"gzvkgpfg"
htgpvg" c" ncu" oqfkÝecekqpgu" fgn" rncp" *E/746125+=" nq"
ewcn." wpkfq" cn" jgejq" swg" nc" rncpgcek„p" gu" cfgoƒu."
wpc"hwpek„p"r¿dnkec="pqu"nngxc"c"nc"eqpenwuk„p"swg"nqu"
eqpuglqu"fg" rncpgcek„p"eworngp" hwpekqpgu"r¿dnkecu."
gokpgpvgogpvg"eqpuwnvkxcu."eqoq"fkeg"gn"Eqpuglq"fg"
Guvcfq"*Ugpvgpekc"fgn"35"fg"hgdtgtq"fg"4236+0"
C"rtqr„ukvq"fg"nq"cpvgtkqt."ncu"hwpekqpgu"swg"eworngp"
nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p" uqp." fg" cewgtfq" eqp" gn"
ctvewnq" 562" fg" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p." ugtxkt" fg" hqtq" rctc"
nc" fkuewuk„p" fg" nqu" rncpgu" fg" fgucttqnnq." oƒu" ncu"
guvcdngekfcu"gp"nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6."gp"uw"ctvewnq" 34"
rctc"gn"Eqpuglq"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p"{"gp"gn"ctvewnq"
56" rctc" nqu" eqpuglqu" vgttkvqtkcngu" fg" rncpgcek„p=" ncu"
ewcngu"ug"rwgfgp"ukpvgvk¦ct" cu {"fkuewvkt"gn"
rtq{gevq" fg" rncp" fg" fgucttqnnq." cduqnxgt" eqpuwnvcu"
swg" gn" iqdkgtpq" hqtowng" uqdtg" gn" rncp." qticpk¦ct" {"
eqqtfkpct"cornkc"fkuewuk„p"uqdtg"gn"rtq{gevq"fg"rncp."
eqpegrvwct"uqdtg"gn"rtq{gevq"fg"rncp0
Cu"okuoq."nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"vkgpgp"ectƒevgt"
eqpuwnvkxq"*ctvewnq"562"{"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6."ctvewnqu"
34"{"57+." nq"ewcn" pq"ug" ciqvc"gp" nc"hcug" fg"fkuewuk„p"
fgn"rncp." eqoq"{c" ug" gzrtgu„"*Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn."
E/746125+0" Gp" nc" gzrqukek„p" fg" oqvkxqu" fg" nc"
Ng{" 374" fg" 3;;6." gp" tgncek„p" eqp" ncu" hwpekqpgu"
fgn" Eqpuglq" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p." rtgekucp" uw"
ectƒevgt" eqpuwnvkxq" Ðrgtq" qvqtiƒpfqng" ecrcekfcf"
cornkc" {" fgÝpkfc" rctc" fkuewvkt." cpcnk¦ct." hqtownct"
tgeqogpfcekqpgu." cduqnxgt" eqpuwnvcu." qticpk¦ct" {"
eqqtfkpct"nc"fkuewuk„p"pcekqpcn"{."uqdtg"vqfq."rctc"fct"
eqpegrvq"uqdtg"gn"RncpÑ." ugi¿p"nq"fkurqpg" gn"ctvewnq"
563"fg" nc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" *Gzrqukek„p"fg" oqvkxqu" Ng{"
374"fg" 3;;6."Icegvc"fgn" Eqpitguq"Pq" 583"fg" 3;;5."
r0" 8+0" Uk" ug" vkgpg" gp" ewgpvc" uw" ectƒevgt" eqpuwnvkxq"
{" hwpekqpgu." ug" rwgfg" fgekt" swg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p" uqp" rqeq" rctvkekrcvkxqu." ugi¿p" nc" Eqtvg"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" *E/372137+." rqt" fqu" tc¦qpgu
pq" vgpgt" nc" rqukdknkfcf" fg" korqpgt" uwu" fgekukqpgu"
{"rqt" nc" rctvkekrc ek„p"cevkxc" swg" ncu" cwvqtkfcfgu" fg"
rncpgcek„p"vkgpgp"gp" ncu"fkhgtgpvgu" hcugu"fgn" rtqeguq"
fg" rncpgcek„p." {" oƒu" eqpetgvcogpvg." htgpvg" c" nqu"
eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p" *rwgu" nqu" kpvgitcp." rwgfgp"
q"pq"ceqigt" uw"qrkpk„p" uqdtg"gn" rncp."dtkpfcp" crq{q"
cfokpkuvtcvkxq"{"nqiuvkeq+0"Gu"cu"eqoq."gp"ewcpvq"cn"
ectƒevgt"eqpuwnvkxq"fg"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg" rncpgcek„p."jc"
ukfq"eqpukfgtcfq" wp"pkxgn" dclq" fg"rctvkekrcek„p." rqt"
nc"rqec"kpekfgpekc"swg"ng"rgtokvg"vgpgt"c"nc"rqdncek„p="
crwpvc" oƒu" c" ngikvkoct" ogfkfcu" vqocfcu" rqt" gn"
iqdgtpcpvg="cu" okuoq."ug" gpeqpvt„" swg"pq" ug"fc" gp"
eqpfkekqpgu" fg" kiwcnfcf" {" uw" kpekfgpekc" gu" dclc." nq"
ewcn"pq"gu"kpegpvkxq"ow{" cnvq"eqoq"rctc"kpvgtguctnqu"
gp"nqu"cuwpvqu"r¿dnkequ0"*Iktcnfq"gv"cn0."4234+0
Uk"dkgp."gn"eqpegrvq"swg"nqu" eqpuglqu"gokvgp"uqdtg"gn"
rtq{gevq"fg"rncp" fg"fgucttqnnq" pq"gu"xkpewncpvg" rctc"
gn" iqdkgtpq." nq" ekgtvq" gu" swg" uk" fgdgp" eqpuwnvctnqu."
jcuvc"gn"rwpvq"swg"pq"jcegtnq"rwgfg"chgevct"nc"xcnkfg¦"
fg" nc" ng{" fgn" rncp" *Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn
E/746125" {" Eqpuglq" fg" Guvcfq." ugpvgpekc" fgn" 9" fg"
cdtkn"fg"4236+0
Gp"tgncek„p"eqp"uw"ectƒevgt"eqpuwnvkxq"{"uwu"hwpekqpgu."
gu"korqtvcpvg"ogpekqpct"swg"guvqu"fqu"vgocu"jcp"ukfq"
ρειτεραδοσ, εν οτρασ δισποσιχιονεσ, χοµο εσ ελ χασο δε
nc"Ng{"5::"fg"3;;9."nc"swg"gp"uw"ctvewnq"46"pwogtcn"5³"
guvcdngeg"swg"nqu"eqpuglqu"vgttkvqtkcngu"fg"rncpgcek„p.""
fgdgp" tgpfkt" eqpegrvq" {" hqtownct" tgeqogpfcekqpgu"
uqdtg" gn" rtq{gevq" fgn" rncp" fg" qtfgpcokgpvq"
τερριτοριαλ. Ασ µισµο, µεδιαντε ∆εχρετο 028 δε
422:." tgncekqpcfq" eqp" gn" oqpkvqtgq." ugiwkokgpvq" {"
eqpvtqn"kpvgitcn" cn" icuvq" swg"ug" tgcnkeg" eqp" tgewtuqu"
fgn"ukuvgoc" igpgtcn" fg" rctvkekrcekqpgu=" nqu" eqpuglqu"
vgttkvqtkcngu"fg" rncpgcek„p" fgdgp"jcegt" ugiwkokgpvq."
gokvkt" eqpegrvq" {" jcegt" tgeqogpfcekqpgu" tgurgevq"
c" ncu" ogvcu" fg" eqpvkpwkfcf." eqdgtvwtc" {" ecnkfcf" gp"
nc" rtguvcek„p" fg" nqu" ugtxkekqu" swg" nc" cfokpkuvtcek„p"
owpkekrcn" {" fgrctvcogpvcn" rtgugpvgp" *ctvewnq" 39"
wdkecfq" gp" gn" ecrvwnq" XK" uqdtg" eqpvtqn" uqekcn+0" ["
gn"Fgetgvq" 6;45"fg" 4233."rqt" gn"ewcn" ug" ictcpvk¦c"nc"
qrgtcpekc" fgn" ukuvgoc" igpgtcn" fg" tgicncu=" fkurqpg"
gp" uw" ctvewnq" 79." swg" nqu" eqpuglqu" vgttkvqtkcngu" fg"
rncpgcek„p"rwgfgp"jcegt"rctvg"fg"eqokvfiu"eqpuwnvkxqu"
swg"ug"hqtogp"gp"guvc"ocvgtkc."jcekgpfq"jkpecrkfi"swg"
uw"eqpegrvq"pq"gu"xkpewncpvg0
Fg"cewgtfq"eqp"nq"gzrtgucfq."ug"vkgpg"swg"nqu"eqpuglqu"
fg"rncpgcek„p."hwgtqp"eqpegdkfqu"eqoq"gzrtguk„p"fg"
nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"gp"nc"rncpgcek„p"geqp„okec"
{" uqekcn0" Uqp" ewgtrqu" rctvkekrcvkxqu." eqngikcfqu" {"
eqpuwnvkxqu" *Eqpuglq" fg" Guvcfq." fgn" 35" fg" hgdtgtq"
fg"4236+=" uqp"kpuvcpekcu" fg"rncpgcek„p" {"eqphqtocp"
gn" Ukuvgoc" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p=" vkgpgp" ectƒevgt"
eqpuwnvkxq=" vkgpgp" cwvqpqoc" hwpekqpcn." ectgegp"
fg" rgtuqpgtc" lwtfkec" {" cwvqpqoc" rtguwrwguvcn."
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
27
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
eqttgurqpfkgpfq" cn" F0P0R0" {" nqu" qticpkuoqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p"c"pkxgn"vgttkvqtkcn""""dtkpfctngu"vqfq"gn"crq{q"
cfokpkuvtcvkxq"{"nqiuvkeq"swg"ugc" kpfkurgpucdng"rctc"
uw" hwpekqpcokgpvq" *ctvewnqu" 34." 57" {" 6;" Ng{" 374"
fg" 3;;6." Eqtvg" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" E/746125" {" Eqpuglq"
fg" Guvcfq." ugpvgpekc" fgn" 35" fg" hgdtgtq" fg" 4236+0"["
tgcnk¦cp" hwpekqpgu" r¿dnkecu." oƒu" eqpetgvcogpvg."
hwpekqpgu"r¿dnkecu"eqpuwnvkxcu" *FPR"gp fg"
Guvcfq."35"fg"hgdtgtq"fg" 4236."Eqtvg"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn."
E/372137+0"
Μιεµβροσ δε λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν
Eqoq" {c" ug" fklq." nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p"
ug" kpvgitcp" rqt" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" ncu" gpvkfcfgu"
vgttkvqtkcngu" {" fg" nqu" ugevqtgu" geqp„okequ." uqekcngu."
geqn„ikequ." eqowpkvctkqu" {" ewnvwtcngu0" Rqt" uw" rctvg."
fg"nc"ngevwtc"fgn"ctvewnq";³"fg"nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6."ug"
rwgfg"fgfwekt"swg"gn"Eqpuglq"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p"
guvctƒ" eqphqtocfq" rqt" 54" okgodtqu." fg" nqu" ewcngu."
37"uqp" tgrtgugpvcpvgu"fg" ncu"gpvkfcfgu" vgttkvqtkcngu"{"
39"fg" nqu"ugevqtgu" geqp„okequ."uqekcngu." geqn„ikequ."
eqowpkvctkqu."ewnvwtcngu." kpfigpcu."okpqtcu" fivpkecu"
{"owlgtgu0"Gp"ewcpvq"c"nc"eqorqukek„p"fg"nqu"eqpuglqu"
vgttkvqtkcngu" fg" rncpgcek„p." ugtƒ" fgÝpkfc" rqt" ncu"
Cucodngcu"Fgrctvcogpvcngu"{"Eqpeglqu"Owpkekrcngu"
*ctvewnq56+0
Nqu" kpvgitcpvgu" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p"
ugtƒp" fgukipcfqu" rqt" gn" Rtgukfgpvg." iqdgtpcfqtgu" q"
cnecnfgu." tgurgevkxcogpvg=" fg" vgtpcu" swg" rtgugpvgp"
ncu" cwvqtkfcfgu" {" qticpk¦cekqpgu"fg " ncu" gpvkfcfgu" {"
σεχτορεσ χορρεσπονδιεντεσ140"Cfgoƒu." guvcdngeg"vcpvq"
gn"ctvewnq"562"eqpuvkvwekqpcn."eqoq"gn" ctvewnq"32"fg"
nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6."eqoq"etkvgtkq"rctc"uw"fgukipcek„p."
Ðguvct"q"jcdgt" guvcfq"xkpewncfq" c"ncu"cevkxkfcfgu" fgn"
tgurgevkxq"ugevqt"q" vgttkvqtkq"{"rquggt" eqpqekokgpvqu"
vfiepkequ" q" gzrgtkgpekc" gp" nqu" cuwpvqu" fgn" ugevqt" q"
tgik„p"swg" ug" vtcvgÑ=" cu" eqoq." swg" uw" rgtqfq" ugtƒ"
fg"qejq"c‚qu"{"ecfc" ewcvtq"ug"tgpqxctƒ"rctekcnogpvg"
ugi¿p" nc" ng{150" Kiwcnogpvg." eqp" gn" Ýp" fg" cornkct" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"fg"nc"uqekgfcf"ekxkn."Ðncu"qticpk¦cekqpgu"
360"Nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6."gp"uwu"ctvewnqu"fgn";³"cn"33"tgiwnc"nc"ocpgtc"eqoq"
ug"jctƒ"nc"fgukipcek„p"fg"nqu"okgodtqu"fgn"Eqpuglq"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p0"
Cu"okuoq."ug"fgdg"vgpgt"rtgugpvg"nq"fkurwguvq"gp"gn"Fgetgvq"44:6"fg"3;;6."
swg"tgincogpvc"rctekcnogpvg"nqu"ctvewnqu";"{"33="{"gn"Fgetgvq"4472"fg"4224."
rqt"gn" ewcn" ug" tgincogpvc" gn" ctvewnq" ;³0" Kpeqtrqtcfqu" gp" gn" Fgetgvq" 32:4"
δε 2015.
150"Gn"ctvewnq"562"eqpuvkvwekqpcn" {"gn"ctvewnq"32"fg" nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;6" ug"
tgÝgtg"c"nqu"okgodtqu"fgn"Eqpuglq"Pcekqpcn"fg"Rncpgcek„p="rgtq"kiwcnogpvg"
ug"crnkec"rctc"nqu"eqpuglqu"vgttkvqtkcngu"fg"rncpgcek„p."F0P0R0."42290
fgdgp"fgucttqnnct"rtqeguqu"fg"eqpegtvcek„p"cn"kpvgtkqt"
fg" ecfc" ugevqt" {" uwdugevqtÑ." nq" swg" ugtƒ" vgpkfq" gp"
ewgpvc"rqt"gn"iqdkgtpq"cn"oqogpvq"fg"nc"fgukipcek„p"
fg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu." nc" ewcn" ug" jctƒ" c"
vvwnq"rgtuqpcn"{"pq"rqftƒ"ugt"fgngicfc""*rctƒitchq"4³"
fgn"ctvewnq"7³"{"ctvewnq":³"fgn"Fgetgvq"44:6"fg"3;;6"
{"pwogtctngu"7³" {"9³" fgn"ctvewnq"5" fgn"Fgetgvq" 4472"
fg"4224+0"
Fg" cewgtfq" eqp" nq" cpvgtkqt." ug" rwgfg" eqngikt" swg"
nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p" guvƒp" eqphqtocfqu" rqt"
fqu" vkrqu" fg" okgodtqu
gpvkfcfgu" vgttkvqtkcngu" {" nqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp" c" nqu"
fkhgtgpvgu"ugevqtgu"{c"ogpekqpcfqu0"["guvg"curgevq"gu"
ιµπορταντε τενερλο πρεσεντε αλ µοµεντο δε δετερµιναρ
nc" pcvwtcng¦c" fg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p=" rgtq" rctc" gnnq." ug" cpcnk¦ctƒ" rtkogtq" gn"
eqpegrvq"ÐtgrtgugpvcpvgÑ"{"swfi"kpvgtgugu"tgrtgugpvcp0
Ewcpfq"ug" jcdnc"fg" tgrtgugpvcek„p."Dqddkq" nncoc"nc"
cvgpek„p" cegtec" fg" fqu" vgocu
*eqoq"fgngicfq" q" Ýfwekctkq+" {" swfi" equc" tgrtgugpvc"
*kpvgtgugu" rctvkewnctgu" q" igpgtcngu+0" Gp" ewcpvq" cn"
fgngicfq." cev¿c" eqoq" rqtvcxq¦." uw" ocpfcvq" gu"
gzvtgocfcogpvg" nkokvcfq" {" tgxqecdng=" tgrtgugpvc"
kpvgtgugu" rctvkewnctgu." fg" ekgtvc" tcoc" gp" rctvkewnct0"
Okgpvtcu" swg" gn" Ýfwekctkq" cev¿c" eqp" nkdgtvcf." rwgu"
rwgfg" kpvgtrtgvct" c" uw" fkuetgek„p" nqu" kpvgtgugu" fg"
swkgpgu" tgrtgugpvc." uw" ocpfcvq" pq" gu" tgxqecdng=" {"
tgrtgugpvc" uwu" kpvgtgugu" igpgtcngu" fgn" tgrtgugpvcfq."
eqoq"ekwfcfcpq."{"pq" pgeguctkcogpvg"rgtvgpgeg"c" nc"
okuoc"rtqhguk„p"*3;:6+0"
Gp"gn"ecuq" swg"pqu" qewrc."eqoq" nc"pqtoc"gzkig" swg"
nc" xkpewncek„p" eqp" ncu" cevkxkfcfgu" fgn" tgurgevkxq"
ugevqt" q" vgttkvqtkq" {" rquggt" eqpqekokgpvqu" vfiepkequ"
q"gzrgtkgpekc" gp" nqu" cuwpvqu"fgn" ugevqt" swg" ug"vtcvg."
ug" rwgfg" kphgtkt" swg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu"
fg" rncpgcek„p" tgrtgugpvcp" kpvgtgugu" rctvkewnctgu"
fgn" ugevqt" swg" nqu" rquvwn„0" Q" ugc." swg" ukiwkgpfq" c"
Dqddkq." fgdgtcp" tgrtgugpvct" eqoq" fgngicfqu." fg"
µανερα λιµιταδα, ρεϖοχαβλε, δετερµιναδο πορ λασ
kpuvtweekqpgu"fg"nc"dcug"*3;:6+="rwgu"ug"jc"gpvgpfkfq"
swg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fgdgp" vgpgt" wpc"
tgncek„p"kpvgpuc" eqp"gn" ugevqt" swg"tgrtgugpvcp" {" eqp"
nqu" iqdkgtpqu" *Xgnƒuswg¦" gv" cn0." 4225." Xknncoctp."
4226."Iktcnfq" gv"cn0." 4234+."{" vcodkfip."ewcpfq" gp" nc"
C0P0E0"ug"jcdn„"cegtec"fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"
{" nc" rncpgcek„p." hwg" tgkvgtcvkxc" nc" cnwuk„p" c" nc"
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
28
rctvkekrcek„p"fg"nqu"fkhgtgpvgu"ugevqtgu"fg"nc"uqekgfcf."
eqoq" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" nc" kpkekcvkxc" rctvkewnct" gp"
fkhgtgpvgu"ƒtgcu" *Icegvcu"Pq"32." 45."66."6:." 77." :7."
326." 335+0"Cfgoƒu." pq" ug" fgdg" rgtfgt" fg" xkuvc" gn"
ƒodkvq" eqpuvkvwekqpcn" octecfq" rqt" nqu" rquvwncfqu"
fg" nc" fgoqetcekc" rctvkekrcvkxc." fgpvtq" fg" nc" ewcn" gn"
ekwfcfcpq"guvƒ"gnkikgpfq"wp"tgrtgugpvcpvg"uw{q."rgtq"
pq"guvƒ"tgpwpekcpfq"c"kpvgtxgpkt"fktgevcogpvg"gp"ncu"
fgekukqpgu"r¿dnkecu"*eqpuvkvw{gpvg" ènxctq"Gejgxgtt{"
Wtwdwtw."3;;3."Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"6:+0"
Ukp"godctiq." ugi¿p" gn" guvwfkq"jgejq" rqt" Xgnƒuswg¦"
gv" cn0" *4225+." nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc" gp"
Eqnqodkc" ceqig" oƒu" ncu" ectcevgtuvkecu" fg" nc"
fgoqetcekc" tgrtgugpvcvkxc" swg" rctvkekrcvkxc."
rwgu" nqu" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" uqp" oƒu" Ýfwekctkqu" swg"
fgngicfqu="gu"fgekt."uqp"gngikfqu"rctc" swg"vqogp" ncu"
oglqtgu" fgekukqpgu" gp" uw" pqodtg." rqt" nq" vcpvq." uwu"
tgrtgugpvcfqu"pq"fgdgp"ugt"eqpuwnvcfqu"rctc"vqoctncu"
*Dqddkq+0" Nq" ewcn" pq" eqpewgtfc" eqp" gn" eqpegrvq"
fg" fgoqetcekc" rctvkekrcvkxc." swg" tgurqpfg" c" wpc"
n„ikec"fkhgtgpvg." gp" nc"ewcn" nqu" tgrtgugpvcpvgu"fgdgp"
ocpvgpgt"wp" eqpvcevq" rgtocpgpvg" eqp" gn"ugevqt" swg"
tgrtgugpvcp"{"gp" nc"ewcn" nqu"tgrtgugpvcfqu" lwgicp"wp"
rcrgn"oƒu"cevkxq" gp"nqu" cuwpvqu"r¿dnkequ" *Xgnƒuswg¦"
gv"cn0"4225+0"
Fg"cewgtfq" eqp" nq" fkejq." rctc" fgÝpkt" swfi" kpvgtgugu"
ρεπρεσενταν λοσ µιεµβροσ δε λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε
rncpgcek„p" {" wdkeƒpfqpqu" fgufg" nc" „rvkec" fg" nc"
rncpgcek„p" rctvkekrcvkxc." guvqu" vkgpgp" wp" fqdng"
eqortqokuq uqekcngu"rctvkewnctgu"{"nqu"
fg"nc"ekwfcf"q"vgttkvqtkq."fg"ocpgtc"inqdcn"*Xgnƒuswg¦"
gv"cn0."4225+0"Ukvwcek„p"swg"ug"eqortgpfg."fgpvtq"fgn"
eqpvgzvq"fgn" Guvcfq"uqekcn" fg"fgtgejq." kttcfkcfq"rqt"
gn"rtkpekrkq"fg"nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc0" Cfgoƒu."
rqtswg"jc{"swg"tgeqtfct."eqoq"ug"fklq"cpvgtkqtogpvg."
swg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p" vkgpgp" fqu" vkrqu" fg"
tgrtgugpvcpvgu nqu"ugevqtgu"fg"nc"
uqekgfcf."swg" gu"c" nqu"swg"pqu" jgoqu"tghgtkfq" jcuvc"
cjqtc"gp"nqu"cpvgtkqtgu"rƒttchqu="{"nqu" tgrtgugpvcpvgu"
fg" ncu" gpvkfcfgu" vgttkvqtkcngu." swg" cev¿cp" dclq" nc"
„rvkec"fg" nc"fgoqetcekc" tgrtgugpvcvkxc." rqt"nq" vcpvq."
uqp" Ýfwekctkqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp" kpvgtgugu" igpgtcngu"
δε λα σοχιεδαδ. Ρεπρεσενταντεσ δε λοσ ιντερεσεσ δε λοσ
ugevqtgu" {" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" nqu" kpvgtgugu" igpgtcngu"
tgwpkfqu"gp" wpc" kpuvcpekc"rctvkekrcvkxc." cevwcpfq" fg"
ocpgtc"cto„pkec"*Ewpknn."3;;3+0
Ogpekqpcfq"nq"cpvgtkqt."fkicoqu"gpvqpegu."gp"ewcpvq"
nc" pcvwtcng¦c" fg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p=" swg" nqu" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" nqu" ugevqtgu"
ogpekqpcfqu."uqp"rctvkewnctgu"swg"glgtegp"hwpekqpgu"
eqpuwnvkxcu"q" eqoq" fkeg" gn" F0P0R."Ðuqp"rctvkewnctgu"
swg" eworngp" eqp" wpc" hwpek„p" r¿dnkec" fg" ectƒevgt"
eqpuwnvkxq" fgtkxcfc" fgn" rtkpekrkq" fg" nc" fgoqetcekc"
rctvkekrcvkxcÑ" *4229." r0" 56+=" swg" pq" cfswkgtgp" gn"
ectƒevgt" fg" ugtxkfqtgu" r¿dnkequ." rqt" gn" jgejq" fg"
ugt" okgodtqu" fgn" eqpuglq" fg" rncpgcek„p" *Eqtvg"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn." E/2371;8+0" Tgurgevq" fg" nqu" ewcngu."
gn" Eqpuglq" fg" Guvcfq" jc" rtgekucfq" swg" tguwnvctc"
gzcigtcfq" gzkiktngu" rtguvct" lwtcogpvq" {" vqoct"
rquguk„p" rctc" gpvtct" c" fgugorg‚ct" nqu" fgdgtgu" {"
hwpekqpgu"swg" ng"kpewodgp" *35"fg" hgdtgtq"fg" 4236+0"
Ecuq" fkhgtgpvg" gu" gn" fg" nqu" tgrtgugpvcpvgu" fg" ncu"
gpvkfcfgu"vgttkvqtkcngu."swg"enctcogpvg"uqp"ugtxkfqtgu"
πβλιχοσ.
Ugi¿p"nq"gzrtgucfq."vgpgoqu"fqu"encugu"fg"okgodtqu"
fg" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg" rncpgcek„p
ncu" gpvkfcfgu" vgttkvqtkcngu" {" nqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp" nqu"
ugevqtgu" geqp„okequ0" Nqu" rtkogtqu" uqp" ugtxkfqtgu"
r¿dnkequ" {" nqu" ugiwpfqu" rctvkewnctgu0" Tc¦„p" rqt" nc"
ewcn." tgrtgugpvcp" kpvgtgugu" vcodkfip" fkhgtgpvgu." nqu"
rtkogtqu"kpvgtgugu"igpgtcngu"{"nqu"ugiwpfqu"kpvgtgugu"
rctvkewnctgu"fgn"ugevqt"swg"tgrtgugpvcp0"Ukp"godctiq."
pq"ug"rwgfg"rgtfgt"fg"xkuvc"gn"eqpvgzvq"eqpuvkvwekqpcn"
fgpvtq" fgn" ewcn" pcekgtqp" {" qrgtcp" nqu" eqpuglqu" fg"
rncpgcek„p=" eqpvgzvq" kttcfkcfq" rqt" nqu" rquvwncfqu"
fgn"Guvcfq"uqekcn" fg"fgtgejq" {"rqt"gn" rtkpekrkq"fg" nc"
rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc0
Χονχλυσιονεσ
Nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"jcp"ukfq"eqpegdkfqu"eqoq"
nc"oƒzkoc"gzrtguk„p"fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"gp"
nc"rncpgcek„p."eqoq"kpuvcpekcu"fg"rncpgcek„p"{"eqoq"
kpvgitcpvgu" fgn" Ukuvgoc" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p=" {"
uwu" okgodtqu." nqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp" c" ncu" gpvkfcfgu"
vgttkvqtkcngu." eqoq" xqegtqu" fg" kpvgtgugu" igpgtcngu="
{"nqu" swg" tgrtgugpvcp"c" nqu" fkhgtgpvgu" ugevqtgu"fg" nc"
uqekgfcf."eqoq"xqegtqu"fg" nqu"kpvgtgugu" rctvkewnctgu"
fg"fkejqu"ugevqtgu0"Vqfq" nq" cpvgtkqt."c" nc" nw¦" fg" wp"
eqpvgzvq" eqpuvkvwekqpcn" kttcfkcfq" rqt" gn" rtkpekrkq"
fg"nc" rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"{" nqu" rquvwncfqu"fg" nc"
rncpgcek„p"geqp„okec"uqekcn."swg"rwgfgp"ugt"tgwpkfqu"
{" eqortgpfkfqu" fgpvtq" fgn" eqpegrvq" fg" rncpgcek„p"
rctvkekrcvkxc." swg" nngpc" fg" ugpvkfq" nc" ocpgtc" eqoq"
εστοσ ηαν σιδο χονχεβιδοσ.
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
29
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
Nq"cpvgtkqt"jceg"swg"nqu"eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"vgpicp"
wpc" pcvwtcng¦c" gurgekcn." cn" gpegttct" gp" wp" okuoq"
ewgtrq"nqu" rquvwncfqu" fg" nc" rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"
{" fg" nc" rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec" {" uqekcn=" kpvgtgugu"
fg" pcvwtcng¦c" r¿dnkec" {" fg" pcvwtcng¦c" rctvkewnct"
fg" nqu" ugevqtgu=" eqorngogpvq" fg" nc" fgoqetcekc"
tgrtgugpvcvkxc" eqp" nc" rctvkekrcvkxc0" Kiwcnogpvg."
vqocpfq"rctvg"cevkxc"fgpvtq"fg"wp"rtqeguq" eqornglq"
eqoq" gu" nc" rncpgcek„p." swg" ug" tgcnk¦c" c" vtcxfiu" fg"
fkhgtgpvgu" gvcrcu" {" gp" fqpfg" kpvgtxkgpgp" fkhgtgpvgu"
cevqtgu" {" fkhgtgpvgu" kpvgtgugu=" rgtq" swg" ug" vqtpc" c"
nc" xg¦." gp" gn" kpuvtwogpvq" rctc" nc" tgcnk¦cek„p" fg" nqu"
Ýpgu" fgn" Guvcfq" uqekcn" fg" fgtgejq." fgpvtq" fg" nqu"
swg"guvƒp" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc" {" gn" fgucttqnnq"
*etgekokgpvq"geqp„okeq."oglqtcokgpvq"fg"nc"ecnkfcf"
fg"xkfc"fg"nqu"jcdkvcpvgu."fg"ocpgtc"uquvgpkdng+0
Gn"jgejq"swg"gn"eqpuglq"fg"rncpgcek„p"ugc"eqpegdkfq"
fg" fkhgtgpvgu" ocpgtcu=" swg" cndgtiwg" fkhgtgpvgu"
vkrqu" fg" tgrtgugpvcpvgu." eqp" kpvgtgugu" kiwcnogpvg"
fkhgtgpvgu."{"swg"guvfi"kpÞwgpekcfq"rqt"fkejq"eqpvgzvq"
eqpuvkvwekqpcn." pqu" nngxc" c" rtgiwpvctpqu" cegtec" fg"
nc"pcvwtcng¦c"fg"uwu"cevwcekqpgu"{"fg"nqu" cevqu" swg"
ug" hqtocp" gp" fgucttqnnq" fg" uw" hwpek„p" eqpuwnvkxc"
rctvkekrcvkxc0" E„oq" ug" ocpkÝguvc" {" eqpetgvc"
lwtfkecogpvg"jcdncpfq."nc"rctvkekrcek„p"ekwfcfcpc"{"
nc"rncpgcek„p"rctvkekrcvkxc"c"vtcxfiu"fgn"fgxgpkt"fg"nqu"
eqpuglqu"fg" rncpgcek„p0" Kiwcnogpvg." fg" swfi" ocpgtc"
rwgfg"nngict"c"crqtvct"nq"cpvgtkqt" c" nc" gxcnwcek„p" {"
tgfkug‚q"kpuvkvwekqpcn" fg" nqu" eqpuglqu"fg" rncpgcek„p"
gp" Eqnqodkc." fqpfg" ug" nqitg" nc" ctoqpk¦cek„p" fg"
nqu"fkhgtgpvgu" rquvwncfqu" swg" octectqp"uw"etgcek„p0"
Swgfcp" rwgu." cu" " rncpvgcfqu" cniwpqu" kpvgttqicpvgu"
gpecokpcfqu"c"cxcp¦ct" gp"nc"fkuewuk„p" cegtec"fg"nqu"
eqpuglqu"fg"rncpgcek„p"{"uw"fkug‚q"kpuvkvwekqpcn0"
Ρεφερενχιασ
Cucodngc"Pcekqpcn"Eqpuvkvw{gpvg."Rtq{gevq"fg"Cevq"
tghqtocvqtkq"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"Pq"35."Cornkcek„p"fg"
nc"fgoqetcekc.""Octc"Vgtguc"Ictefiu"Nnqtgfc."Icegvc"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"32"fgn"42"hgdtgtq"fg"3;;3."r0"36
/////Rtq{gevq"fg"Cevq"tghqtocvqtkq"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"
Rqnvkec" fg" Eqnqodkc" Pq" 82." Rncpgcek„p"
geqp„okec"{" uqekcn" {" rtguwrwguvq="cwvqtgu
Iwknngtoq"Rgtt{."Jqtctkq" Ugtrc" {" Gfwctfq"
Xgtcpq="Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"44"fgn"3:"
fg"oct¦q"fg"3;;3."r0"780
/////Rtq{gevq"fg"Cevq"tghqtocvqtkq"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"
Rqnvkec" fg" Eqnqodkc" Pq" 93." Vvwnq
Rtq{gevq"fg"cevq"tghqtocvqtkq="cwvqt
Ecnc"Jgfgtkej="Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"45"
δελ 19 δε µαρζο δε 1991, π. 45.
/////Rtq{gevq"fg"Cevq"tghqtocvqtkq"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"
Πολτιχα δε Χολοµβια Νο 73, ∆εµοχραχια
rctvkekrcvkxc=" cwvqt N„rg¦="
Icegvc" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq" 45" fgn" 3;" fg"
µαρζο δε 1991, π. 49.
/////Rtq{gevq"fg"cevq"tghqtocvqtkq"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwek„p"
Rqnvkec"fg"Eqnqodkc"Pq"348."Cwvqt
Icnƒp"Uctokgpvq."Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"
53"fgn"3³"fg"cdtkn"fg"3;;3."r0"420
/////Rqpgpekc" Rtgƒodwnq" {" rtkpekrkqu." Cndgtvq"
¥cncogc" Equvc." Icegvc" Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq"
58"fgn"6"fg"cdtkn"fg"3;;3."r0"490
/////Kphqtog"/"Rqpgpekc"Nc"rncpgcek„p"{"ncu"gpvkfcfgu"
vgttkvqtkcngu0" Cwvqt
Hcekqnkpeg."Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"66"fgn"
12 δε αβριλ δε 1991, π. 2.
/////Kphqtog" fg" Rqpgpekc
λιβερταδ δε εµπρεσα, χοµπετενχια
geqp„okec." oqpqrqnkqu" g" kpvgtxgpek„p"
fgn" Guvcfq0" Rqpgpvgu
Iwknngtoq" Rgtt{." Lckog" Dgpvg¦." Cpignkpq"
Ict¦„p."Vwnkq"Ewgxcu"{"Iwknngtoq"Iwgttgtq0"
Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"68"fgn"37"fg"cdtkn"
δε 1991, π. 7.
/////Tgncvqtc" cevc" fg" uguk„p" rngpctkc" fgn" nwpgu" 3:"
fg" hgdtgtq" fg" 3;;3." rwpvq" 60" Gzrqukek„p"
igpgtcn
Cnhtgfq" Xƒuswg¦" Ecttk¦quc." ÐNc" pwgxc"
Eqpuvkvwek„p"vkgpg" swg" ugt" rctc" wpc" pcek„p"
rnwtcnkuvcÑ0"Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"69"fgn"
15 δε αβριλ δε 1991, π. 3.
/////Tgncvqtc" cevc" fg" uguk„p" rngpctkc" fgn" nwpgu" 3:"
fg" hgdtgtq" fg" 3;;3." rwpvq" 60" Gzrqukek„p"
igpgtcn
Ectnqu" Jqnogu" Vtwlknnq" Ictec." ÐJcekc" wp"
Guvcfq" fg" rctvkekrcek„p" uqekcnÑ0" Icegvc"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq" 69" fgn" 37" fg" cdtkn" fg"
1991, π. 10.
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
30
/////Tgncvqtc" cevc" fg" uguk„p" rngpctkc" fgn" nwpgu" 37"
fg" hgdtgtq" fg" 3;;3." rwpvq" 50" Gzrqukek„p"
igpgtcn
Jgfgtkej." ÐWpc" rtqrwguvc" fg" rncpgcek„p"
eqp" fgoqetcekc" rctvkekrcvkxcÑ0" Icegvc"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq" 6:" fgn" 34" fg" cdtkn" fg"
1991, π. 3.
/////Tgncvqtc" cevc" fg" uguk„p" rngpctkc" fgn" nwpgu" 37"
fg" hgdtgtq" fg" 3;;3." rwpvq" 50" Gzrqukek„p"
igpgtcn
Wtwdwtw." ÐNc" eqpxkxgpekc" fgoqetƒvkec"
eqoq" qdlgvkxq" egpvtcn" fg" nc" Tghqtoc" c" nc"
Eqpuvkvwek„pÑ0"Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"6:"
δελ 12 δε αβριλ δε 1991, π. 5.
/////" Tgncvqtc" cevc" fg" uguk„p" rngpctkc" fgn" nwpgu" 37"
fg" hgdtgtq" fg" 3;;3." rwpvq" 50" Gzrqukek„p"
igpgtcn
Twdkq." ÐGn" itcp" eqortqokuqÑ0" Icegvc"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq" 6:" fgn" 34" fg" cdtkn" fg"
1991, π. 11.
/////"Tgncvqtc"cevc"fg"uguk„p"rngpctkc"fgn"nwpgu"37"fg"
hgdtgtq"fg"3;;3."rwpvq"50"Gzrqukek„p"igpgtcn
i+"Gzrqukek„p" fg" Qtncpfq" Hcnu" Dqtfc." ÐNc"
pwgxc" Eqpuvkvwek„p" fg" Eqnqodkc" vgpftc"
rtkpekrkqu"pgqhgfgtcngu." fguegpvtcnk¦cpvgu" {"
cwvqpqokuvcuÑ0"Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"6:"
δελ 12 δε αβριλ δε 1991, π. 13.
/////Kphqtog" /" Rqpgpekc
rctvkekrcek„p" fgoqetƒvkec." Eqpuvkvw{gpvgu
Lckog"Ctkcu"N„rg¦." Fctq"Oglc"Ciwfgnq"{"
Lwcp" Ectnqu" Guiwgttc" Rqtvqecttgtq0" Icegvc"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq" 74" fgn" 39" fg" cdtkn" fg"
1991, π. 7.
/////" Kphqtog" /" Rqpgpekc" Tfiikogp" geqp„okeq" {"
Ýpcnkfcf"uqekcn" fgn" Guvcfq0" Eqpuvkvw{gpvgu
Ectnqu" Ngoqu" Ukooqpu." Ectnqu" Quuc"
Gueqdct." Tchcgn" Kipcekq" Oqnkpc" Iktcnfq."
Cpvqpkq" [grgu" Rcttc." Tqftkiq" Nnqtgfc"
Eckegfq" {" Quect" Jq{qu" Pctcplq0" Icegvc"
Eqpuvkvwekqpcn" Pq" 75" fgn" 3:" fg" cdtkn" fg"
3;;3."r04/8
/////Rqpgpekc"rctc"rtkogt"fgdcvg"gp"rngpctkc"Hkpgu"fgn"
Guvcfq." eqpuvkvw{gpvg" Lckog" Ctkcu" N„rg¦."
Icegvc"Pq";5"fgn":"fg"lwpkq"fg"3;;3."r0"340
/////Kphqtog" /" Rqpgpekc" Rncpgcek„p0" Kphqtog" fg" nqu"
Eqpuvkvw{gpvgu
Igtoƒp"Tqlcu"Pk‚q"{"ènxctq"Ecnc"Jgfgtkej."
Icegvc"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"Pq"77"fgn"3;"fg"cdtkn"
δε 1991, π. 2.
/////Kpuvkvwekqpgu" fg" nc" Fgoqetcekc" Rctvkekrcvkxc0"
Qdlgvkxqu"fg"nc"rctvkekrcek„p0"Eqpuvkvw{gpvg
Hgtpcpfq"Ecttknnq"Hn„tg¦."Icegvc"Pq"329"fgn"
46"fg"lwpkq"fg"3;;3."r0":0
Dqddkq."P0"*3;:7+0"Ελ φυτυρο δε λα δεµοχραχια.
Vtcfweek„p"fg"Lqufi"H0"Hgtpƒpfg¦/Ucpvknnƒp."
5²"gfkek„p."4223."Ofizkeq0"Hqpfq"fg"Ewnvwtc"
Geqp„okec0"3²"gfkek„p"gp"kvcnkcpq"3;:6."3²"
gfkek„p"gp"gurc‚qn"3;:80"Vvwnq"qtkikpcn"Kn"
hwvwtq"fgnnc"fgoqetcekc0"
Eqpitguq" fg" nc" Tgr¿dnkec" fg" Eqnqodkc0" *3;;5+0"
Ινφορµε  Πονενχια παρα πριµερ δεβατε,
Προψεχτο δε Λεψ 108 δε 1993, πορ λα χυαλ
σε εσταβλεχε λα Λεψ Οργ〈νιχα δελ Πλαν δε
∆εσαρρολλο. Ugpcfqtgu Ocpwgn"N„rg¦"
Ecdtcngu."Cwtgnkq"Ktciqttk"Jqtoc¦c"{"Cpkdcn"
Rcncekqu0" Tgrtgugpvcpvgu
Eqqtfkpcfqt0" Cnhqpuq" Ocvjqu." " Ctocpfq"
Guvtcfc." Pfiuvqt" Ictec" {" Lqufi" Lckog"
Νιχηολλσ. Icegvc"fgn" Eqpitguq" Pq" 6:2" fgn"
27 δε διχιεµβρε δε 1993.
////////" *3;;5+" Εξποσιχι⌠ν δε µοτιϖοσ Προψεχτο δε
Λεψ 108 δε 1993, πορ λα χυαλ σε εσταβλεχε
λα Λεψ Οργ〈νιχα δελ Πλαν δε ∆εσαρρολλο.
Rtq{gevq" rtgugpvcfq" rqt" Twfqnh" Jqoogu"
Tqftiwg¦."Okpkuvtq"fg"Jcekgpfc"{"Etfifkvq"
R¿dnkeq0"Icegvc"fgn"Eqpitguq"Pq"583"fgn"3;"
fg"qevwdtg"fg"3;;50
////////" Ng{" 374" fg" 3;;6" *lwnkq" 37+." rqt" nc" ewcn" ug"
guvcdngeg" " nc" Ng{" Qtiƒpkec" fgn" Rncp" fg"
∆εσαρρολλο.
////////"Ng{" 5::" fg" 3;;9." rqt"nc" ewcn" ug" oqfkÝec" nc"
Ng{" ;²" fg" 3;:;." {" nc" Ng{" 5²" fg" 3;;3" {" ug"
διχταν οτρασ δισποσιχιονεσ
Πρεσιδεντε δε λα Ρεπβλιχα δε Χολοµβια. ∆εχρετο
44:6"fg"3;;6."tgincogpvc""rctekcnogpvg"nqu"
ctvewnqu";"{"33"fg"nc"Ng{"374"fg"3;;60
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
31
Λοσ χονσεϕοσ δε πλανεαχι⌠ν εν χολοµβια. Ρεφερεντεσ τε⌠ριχοσ παρα συ εστυδιο
////////" Fgetgvq" 4472" fg" 4224." rqt" gn" ewcn" ug"
tgincogpvc"rctekcnogpvg" gn" ctvewnq" ;"fg" nc""
Ng{"374"fg"3;;60
////////" Fgetgvq" 24:" fg" 422:." rqt" ogfkq" fgn" ewcn"
ug" fgÝpg" nc" guvtcvgikc" fg" oqpkvqtgq."
ugiwkokgpvq"{" eqpvtqn" kpvgitcn" cn"icuvq" swg"
ug"tgcnkeg"eqp" tgewtuqu"fgn" Ukuvgoc"Igpgtcn"
δε Παρτιχιπαχιονεσ.
////////"Fgetgvq"6;45"fg"4233."rqt"gn"ewcn"ug"ictcpvk¦c"
nc"qrgtcek„p"fgn"Ukuvgoc"igpgtcn"fg"tgicncu0
////////" Fgetgvq" 32:4" fg" 4237." rqt" ogfkq" fgn" ewcn"
ug" gzrkfg" gn" fgetgvq" ¿pkeq" tgincogpvctkq"
fgn" ugevqt" cfokpkuvtcvkxq" fg" rncpgcek„p"
ναχιοναλ.
Eqtvg"Eqpuvkvwekqpcn"fg"Eqnqodkc."ugpvgpekcu
////////"V/65;1;40"O0R0"Gfwctfq"Ekhwgpvgu"Ow‚q¦0
////////"V/7621";40"O0R0"Gfwctfq"Ekhwgpvgu"Ow‚q¦0
////////"E/69:1;40"O0R0"Gfwctfq"Ekhwgpvgu"Ow‚q¦0
////////"E/7591;50"O0R0"Jgtpcpfq"Jgttgtc"Xgtictc0
////////"E/2:;1;60"O0R0"Gfwctfq"Ekhwgpvgu"Ow‚q¦0
////////"E/3:21;60"O0R0"Jgtpcpfq"Jgttgtc"Xgtictc0
////////"E/"75:1;70"O0R0"Hcdkq"Oqt„p"Fc¦0
////////"E/2;61;80"O0R0"Xncfkoktq"Pctcplq"Oguc0
////////"E/2371;80"O0R0"Lqufi"Itgiqtkq"Jgtpƒpfg¦"
Icnkpfq0
////////"E/3;31;80"O0R0"Cnglcpftq"Octvpg¦"
Χαβαλλερο.
////////"E/9351;:0"O0R0"Gfwctfq"Ekhwgpvgu"Ow‚q¦0
////////"E/7791220"O0R0"Xncfkoktq"Pctcplq"Oguc0
////////"E/32871230"O0R0"Cnhtgfq"Dgnvtƒp"Ukgttc0
////////"E/7461250"O0R0"Lckog"E„tfqdc"Vtkxk‚q0
////////"E/5271260"O0R0"Octeq"Igtctfq"Oqptq{"
Χαβρα.
////////"E/2991340"O0R0"Ocwtkekq"Iqp¦ƒng¦"Ewgtxq0
////////"E/3721370"O0R0"Ocwtkekq"Iqp¦ƒng¦"Ewgtxq0
Eqpuglq"fg"Guvcfq"fg"Eqnqodkc0"Ugpvgpekcu
////////" Tcf0" :7223/45/53/222/4234/2228/23"
*:3223/45/53/222/4234/22284/23+." 35" fg"
hgdtgtq"fg"42360"E0R0"Octeq"Cpvqpkq"Xgnknnc"
Oqtgpq0
−−−−−−−− Ραδ. 11001−03−24−000−2013−00055−00, δελ
9" fg" cdtkn" fg" 42360" E0R0"Iwknngtoq" Xcticu"
C{cnc0
Eqpuvkvwek„p"Rqnvkec"fg"Eqnqodkc0
Eqtqpgn" Jgtpƒpfg¦." E0"C0" *4227+0" Λα παρτιχιπαχι⌠ν
χιυδαδανα εν ελ ∆ερεχηο Ελεχτοραλ
Χολοµβιανο."Dqiqvƒ Gfkekqpgu" Fqevtkpc"{"
Ng{0
Ewpknn."P0"*3;;3+0"Παρτιχιπαχι⌠ν χιυδαδανα. ∆ιλεµασ
ψ περσπεχτιϖασ παρα λα δεµοχρατιζαχι⌠ν δε
λοσ Εσταδοσ λατινοαµεριχανοσ. Χαραχασ:
Egpvtq"Ncvkpqcogtkecpq" fg"Cfokpkuvtcek„p"
rctc"gn"fgucttqnnq"ENCF0
Fgrctvcogpvq" Pcekqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p" Î" F0P0R0"
*4229+0"Ελ παπελ δε λοσ χονσεϕοσ τερριτοριαλεσ
δε πλανεαχι⌠ν ΧΤΠ."Dqiqvƒ
Okpkuvgtkq"fg"Ewnvwtc0"
Fkeekqpctkq"fg"nc"Tgcn"Cecfgokc"Gurc‚qnc."yyy0tcg0
εσ
Hqtgtq" R0."E0." Jkfcniq." E0." Lkofipg¦." I0." Qtvk¦." O0"
{" Rwnkfq." U0" *3;;9+0" ∆εσχεντραλιζαχι⌠ν
ψ παρτιχιπαχι⌠ν χιυδαδανα." Dqiqvƒ
Wpkxgtukfcf"Pcekqpcn"fg"Eqnqodkc"Hcewnvcf"
fg" Ekgpekcu" Geqp„okecu." Vgtegt" Owpfq"
εδιτορεσ.
Iktcnfq" Octp." N0" {" Oglc" Gueqdct." D0" O0"
*4234+0" Kphqtog" Ýpcn" fgn" rtq{gevq" fg"
ινϖεστιγαχι⌠ν: Εστρατεγιασ χοµυνιχατιϖασ
παρα λα µοϖιλιζαχι⌠ν σοχιαλ εν προχεσοσ δε
πλανεαχι⌠ν δελ δεσαρρολλο εν λοσ µυνιχιπιοσ
δελ ∆επαρταµεντο δελ Θυινδο. Αρµενια:
Wpkxgtukfcf" fgn" Swkpfq." Hcewnvcf" fg"
Ι Ν Χ Ι Σ Ο
Λινα−Μ Λ⌠πεζ−ϑιµνεζ
32
Ekgpekcu"Jwocpcu"{"Dgnncu"Ctvgu."rtqitcoc"
fg" Eqowpkecek„p" Uqekcn." itwrq" fg"
kpxguvkicek„p"Eqowpkecek„p"{"ewnvwtc0"
Iqqfkp."T0"*4225+0"Ncu"kpuvkvwekqpgu"{"uw"fkug‚q0"Gp
Τεορα δελ δισε〉ο ινστιτυχιοναλ. Χοµπιλαδορ
Tqdgtv" G0" Iqqfkp0" Vtcfweek„p" Octc"
Nw¦" Ognq." vvwnq" fgn" qtkikpcn" Vjg" Vjgqt{"
qh" Kpuvkvwekqpcn" Fgukip." 3;;80" Gurc‚c
Gfkvqtkcn"Igfkuc0
Iwvkfittg¦." J0" *4222+0" Ελ Αν〈λισισ Εχον⌠µιχο δελ
∆ερεχηο  Περσπεχτιϖασ παρα ελ δεσαρρολλο
δελ ∆ερεχηο Εχον⌠µιχο." Ctvewnq" icpcfqt"
fgn"ZKK" Eqpewtuq"Lqufi" Kipcekq" fg"Oƒtswg¦"
uqdtg" Fgtgejq" Geqp„okeq0" Hgfgtcek„p"
Pcekqpcn"fg"Echgvgtqu"{"Eqokvfi"fg"Echgvgtqu"
fgn"Swkpfq0
Jgtpƒpfg¦." C0" *4232+0" Λα παρτιχιπαχι⌠ν χιυδαδανα
εν Βογοτ〈 1990−2010: τραψεχτοριασ,
εϖαλυαχι⌠ν ψ λιµιταχιονεσ0" Dqiqvƒ
Wpkxgtukfcf" fg" Nqu" Cpfgu0" Eqpuwnvcfq" gn"
9" cdtkn" 4236" fg−
uwt dcp qu 0kp hq 1fo fqe wo gpv u1e gp fqe kg w1
eqngeekqpafkikvcn1UcpaDgtpctfqaEqpvgzvqa
Jk u vq t k eq 1 Rc t v ke k rc e k qp a E kw f cf c p ca
Dqiqvc/Jgtpcpfg¦aCpftgu/42320rfh
Lwnkq"Guvtcfc." C0" *4224+0" Geqpqoc"{" qtfgpcokgpvq"
eqpuvkvwekqpcn" GpΤεορασ ϕυρδιχασ ψ
εχον⌠µιχασ δελ Εσταδο." Fktgevqt" Jqogtq"
Ewgxcu0"Dqiqvƒ Wpkxgtukfcf" Gzvgtpcfq"fg"
Χολοµβια.
////////" *4229+0" Nc" rncpgcek„p" geqp„okec" gp"
nc" lwtkurtwfgpekc" eqpuvkvwekqpcn0" Gp
Χονστιτυχι⌠ν δε 1991 ψ πλανεαχι⌠ν εν
Χολοµβια βαλανχε ψ περσπεχτιϖασ0" Dqiqvƒ
Wpkxgtukfcf" Gzvgtpcfq" fg" Eqnqodkc" {" Î
Mqptcf/Cfgpcwgt/Uvkhvwpi0"Rƒikpc"35"c"580
Nk¦ctc¦q" Qtvgic." L0" J0" *4229+0" Rncpgcek„p"
rctvkekrcvkxc
Χονστιτυχι⌠ν δε 1991 ψ πλανεαχι⌠ν εν
Χολοµβια βαλανχε ψ περσπεχτιϖασ." Dqiqvƒ
Wpkxgtukfcf" Gzvgtpcfq" fg" Eqnqodkc" {" Î
Mqptcf/Cfgpcwgt/Uvkhvwpi0" Rƒikpcu" 49;" c"
304.
Nqpfq‚q" Xcngpekc." I0" C0" *4234+0" Nc" rncpgcek„p"
παρτιχιπατιϖα παρα ελ δεσαρρολλο εν ελ µαρχο
fg"nc" fguchgeek„p"rqnvkec0" Guvwfkq" fg"ecuq."
Ogfgnnp"4226"Î"42320"GpΡεϖιστα Αναλεχτα
Πολτιχα."˜"Xqn0"3"˜"Pq0"4"˜"RR0"585/5:90"
Xgnƒuswg¦"E0."H0"{" Iqp¦ƒng¦"T0." G0" *4225+0"½Swfi" jc"
rcucfq" eqp" nc" rctvkekrcek„p" ekwfcfcpc" gp"
EqnqodkcA" Dqiqvƒ
Hwpfcek„p" Uqekcn." Hqtq" Pcekqpcn" rqt"
Eqnqodkc." Dcpeq" Owpfkcn." EKFGT/"
Wpkxgtukfcf" fg" nqu" Cpfgu." Eqtrqtcek„p"
Tgik„p."Xkxc"nc"ekwfcfcpc"{" Vtcpurctgpekc"
πορ Χολοµβια.
////////"*4228+0"Ενχυεντροσ χον ελ φυτυρο, 4≡ εϕερχιχιο
δε πλανεαχι⌠ν παρτιχιπατιϖα εν Βογοτ〈, 2004.
Dqiqvƒ
Hqtq" Pcekqpcn" rqt" Eqnqodkc" eqp" gn" crq{q"
fg"Kpvgt/Cogtkecp"Hqwpfcvkqp0
Xknncoctp" Tcotg¦." T0" *4226+0" Σε ηαχε χαµινο
αλ ανδαρ  Υνα µιραδα α λα πλανεαχι⌠ν
παρτιχιπατιϖα εν ελ Μαγδαλενα Μεδιο.
Dcttcpecdgtoglc"*Eqnqodkc+
ÎFgucttqnnq" {" Rc¦" fgn" Ocifcngpc" Ogfkq."
Eqtrqtcek„p"Cpfkpc"fg" Hqogpvq"{" Ukuvgoc"
Tgikqpcn" fg" Rncpgcek„p" Rctvkekrcvkxc" gp" gn"
Ocifcngpc"Ogfkq0
¥cowfkq"Xcnnglq."N0"G0"{"Hwgpvgu"N„rg¦."J0"L0"*4229+0"
Fg"nc"rncpgcek„p"pqtocvkxc"c"nc"rctvkekrcvkxc"
εν Χολοµβια: ελ χασο δε λ µανεϕο δε λοσ
tgewtuqu"codkgpvcngu0" Gp Ρεϖιστα Υ∆ ψ Λα
Γεοµ〈τιχα ςολ. (1)63−71

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